tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80717499391354954672024-03-08T13:26:06.347+07:00REFERENSItempatnya menambah wawasan dan ilmu :)DESI S.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02705918449366560605noreply@blogger.comBlogger33125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8071749939135495467.post-15949148489957886612015-06-26T13:28:00.000+07:002015-06-26T13:28:04.337+07:00Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi prestasi belajarMenurut Djaali (dalam Muhammad Baitul Alim, 2009) prestasi belajar seorang siswa dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, yaitu:<br /><br /><ul>
<li>Faktor dari Dalam Diri</li>
</ul>
<br />1. Kesehatan<br /><br />Apabila kesehatan anak terganggu dengan sering sakit kepala, pilek, deman dan lain-lain, maka hal ini dapat membuat anak tidak bergairah untuk mau belajar. Secara psikologi, gangguan pikiran dan perasaan kecewa karena konflik juga dapat mempengaruhi proses belajar.<br /><br />2. Intelegensi<br /><br />Faktor intelegensi dan bakat besar sekali pengaruhnya terhadap kemampuan belajar anak. Menurut Gardner dalam teori Multiple Intellegence, intelegensi memiliki tujuh dimensi yang semiotonom, yaitu linguistik, musik, matematik logis, visual spesial, kinestetik fisik, sosial interpersonal dan intrapersonal.<br /><br />3. Minat dan motivasi<br /><br />Minat yang besar terhadap sesuatu terutama dalam belajar akan mengakibatkan proses belajar lebih mudah dilakukan. Motivasi merupakan dorongan agar anak mau melakukan sesuatu. Motivasi bisa berasal dari dalam diri anak ataupun dari luar lingkungan<br /><br />4. Cara belajar<br /><br />Perlu untuk diperhatikan bagaimana teknik belajar, bagaimana bentuk catatan buku, pengaturan waktu belajar, tempat serta fasilitas belajar.<br /><br /><ul>
<li>Faktor Dari Lingkungan</li>
</ul>
<br />1. Keluarga<br /><br />Situasi keluarga sangat berpengaruh pada keberhasilan anak. Pendidikan orangtua, status ekonomi, rumah, hubungan dengan orangtua dan saudara, bimbingan orangtua, dukungan orangtua, sangat mempengaruhi prestasi belajar anak.<br /><br />2. Sekolah<br /><br />Tempat, gedung sekolah, kualitas guru, perangkat kelas, relasi teman sekolah, rasio jumlah murid per kelas, juga mempengaruhi anak dalam proses belajar.<br /><br />3. Masyarakat<br /><br />Apabila masyarakat sekitar adalah masyarakat yang berpendidikan dan moral yang baik, terutama anak-anak mereka. Hal ini dapat sebagai pemicu anak untuk lebih giat belajar.<br /><br />4. Lingkungan sekitar<br /><br />Bangunan rumah, suasana sekitar, keadaan lalu lintas dan iklim juga dapat mempengaruhi pencapaian tujuan belajar.<br /><br /> Berdasarkan faktor-faktor tersebut, jelas bahwa tinggi atau rendahnya prestasi belajar siswa tidak hanya dipengaruhi oleh kualitas pembelajaran di sekolah saja. Ada faktor dari dalam diri siswa ataupun dari lingkungan siswa. Maka dari itu untuk dapat meningkatkan prestasi siswa, diharapkan ada keinginan dari dalam diri siswa dan juga dukungan ataupun motivasi dari keluarga dan lingkungan disekitarnya.DESI S.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02705918449366560605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8071749939135495467.post-84003340882040976702015-06-26T12:42:00.000+07:002015-06-26T13:17:58.601+07:00Pengertian Prestasi Belajar<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Darmadi (2009: 100) menyatakan bahwa “prestasi belajar adalah sebuah kecakapan atau keberhasilan yang diperoleh seseorang setelah melakukan sebuah kegiatan dan proses belajar sehingga dalam diri seseorang tersebut mengalami perubahan tingkah laku sesuai dengan kompetensi belajarnya”. Sedangkan menurut Nurkencana (dalam Ade Sanjaya, 2011), “prestasi belajar adalah hasil yang telah dicapai atau diperoleh anak berupa nilai mata pelajaran. Ditambahkan bahwa prestasi belajar merupakan hasil yang mengakibatkan perubahan dalam diri individu sebagai hasil dari aktivitas dalam belajar”.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Lanawati (dalam Reni Akbar Hawadi, 2004: 168) berpendapat bahwa “prestasi belajar adalah hasil penilaian pendidik terhadap proses belajar dan hasil belajar siswa sesuai dengan tujuan instruksional yang menyangkut isi pelajaran dan perilaku yang diharapkan oleh siswa”.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Dari pengertian di atas, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa prestasi belajar adalah sesuatu yang merupakan hasil dari proses belajar yang mengakibatkan perubahan tingkah laku sesuai dengan kompetensi belajarnya.</span>DESI S.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02705918449366560605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8071749939135495467.post-86121599486839280572012-08-10T11:59:00.000+07:002012-10-11T12:02:22.370+07:00All I wanted - Paramore<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(Verse
1)<br />
Think of me when you're out, when you're out there<br />
I'll beg you nice from my knees<br />
When the world treats you way too fairly<br />
It's a shame I'm a dream<br />
<br />
(Chorus)<br />
All I wanted was you<br />
All I wanted was you<br />
<br />
(Verse 2)<br />
I think I'll pace my apartment a few times<br />
And fall asleep on the couch<br />
And wake up early to black and white re-runs<br />
That escaped from my mouth<br />
<br />
(Chorus)<br />
All I wanted was you<br />
All I wanted was you<br />
All I wanted was you<br />
All I wanted was you<br />
<br />
(Verse 3)<br />
I could follow you to the beginning<br />
Just to relive the start<br />
And maybe then we'll remember to slow down<br />
At all of our favorite parts<br />
<br />
All I wanted was you<br />
<br />
(Chorus)<br />
All I wanted was you<br />
All I wanted was you<br />
All I wanted was you<br />
All I wanted was you</span>DESI S.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02705918449366560605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8071749939135495467.post-11980508732967318552012-08-07T10:56:00.000+07:002012-10-05T10:57:02.940+07:00Teens, Sleep and School<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #04359b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">by
Gisele Glosser</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 92%px;">
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
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height:148.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg"
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<td style="padding: 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Research has shown
that teenagers don't get enough sleep at night and go to school tired. Some
experts believe the cause is biological. Others believe that teenagers stay
up late because of adolescent distractions. Early high school start times can
also contribute to teens' tiredness. This article will explore possible
causes and solutions to this problem.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Research shows that
teens need eight to nine hours of sleep at night, as compared with eight hours
needed for adults. However, they are not getting enough sleep. A recent study
at Drexel University of students aged 12 to 18 found that "20 percent of
those studied got the recommended eight or more hours of sleep during school
nights with the rest getting less than eight hours. The average sleep for
U.S. adolescents is seven hours..." [1] A study of Rhode Island
teenagers found that "85 percent were chronically sleep-deprived and
accumulated a minimum 10-hour sleep deficit during the week. Forty percent went
to bed after 11 p.m.; 26 percent said they usually got less than 6.5 hours on
school nights." [2] Thus, sleep deprivation in teens is causing a
growing concern among researchers, educators and parents.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<td style="padding: 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So why aren't teens
getting enough sleep? For one thing, they are staying up late. A variety of
things can contribute to this night-owl tendency among teens, including
social life, caffeinated drinks, electronic media such as computers, TVs and
cell phones. Other factors include procrastinating on homework, and even
depression. Adolescent work schedules are also a concern. Teens who work more
than 15 hours a week at a job have less time for sleep.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="padding: 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sleep deprivation
in teens may have biological causes. Some experts believe that teens' body
clocks start later. Tests by a professor at Oxford suggest that
"students perform better in the afternoon, because their body clock is
programmed about two hours later, possibly for hormonal reasons." [3]</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="padding: 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Some experts
believe that biological changes in teens affect their ability to sleep. A
recent study found that "biological changes that take place in puberty
keep kids from being able to fall asleep as early as when they were
younger." [2] Another study "measured the presence of the
sleep-promoting hormone melatonin in teenagers' saliva at different times of
the day." They learned that "the melatonin levels rise later at
night than they do in children and adults -- and remain at a higher level
later in the morning." [4]</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="padding: 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lack of sleep
affects teens' ability to function at school. A recent study showed that
"sleep deprivation can affect mood, performance, attention, learning,
behavior and biological functions." [4] In less clinical terms,
"Daytime sleepiness makes it difficult to concentrate and learn, or even
stay awake in class. Too little sleep may contribute to mood swings and
behavioral problems. And sleepy teens who get behind the wheel may cause
serious — even deadly — accidents." [5]</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="padding: 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The typical start
time for most high schools is 7:00 am, which can exacerbate this problem.
Some schools have experimented with later start times. The study at Oxford
found that "By delaying the start of school by one hour, and moving more
demanding subjects to later in the day, then absenteeism and depression will
fall... But that does not mean young people should be indulged and allowed to
stay in bed late." [6] Researchers at Norwalk Hospital's Sleep Disorders
Center in Connecticut found that "Teens whose high schools have a
delayed start time sleep longer and report less daytime sleepiness." [7]</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One solution is for
parents to impose earlier bedtimes on their teenagers. A recent study found
that "Teens whose parents pack them off to bed at 10 p.m. are less apt
to become depressed or have suicidal thoughts than their peers who stay up
much later." [8] It should be noted that there is a big difference
between having suicidal thoughts and</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">being</span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">suicidal. In any
event, parents can strive to get their teens less wired at night. This can be
achieved by discouraging them from drinking caffeine past 12 noon, and by
keeping TVs, computers, and especially cell phones out of their room at
night.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
DESI S.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02705918449366560605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8071749939135495467.post-41405471503661699612012-08-04T10:54:00.000+07:002012-10-05T10:55:03.391+07:00Why Learn Algebra?<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 90%px;">
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<td style="padding: 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">by jason gibson</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Why study algebra?"
If you're a parent, it's a question that you will no doubt hear as your
children study the subject. If you're a student, it is a very natural
question to ask, "What's the point of learning algebra in the first
place?"</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After all, all of the math leading up
to algebra that we learned growing up such as addition, multiplication,
decimals, fractions, and the like, seem to have a concrete meaning. These
concepts all deal with numbers in some way or another and because of this we
can wrap our brains more easily around the concepts. After all, I can pick up
six pencils and give two to a friend and by using math I can figure out how
many pencils I am left holding in my hand. We can all imagine situations
where basic math serves us well - calculating your change in the grocery
store for instance.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In short, basic math deals with
numbers. Since we are all taught how to count at a young age the concepts of
basic math, even though challenging at first, seem to have a practical value
- even to children.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Enter Algebra. Suddenly, we are asked
to deal not only with our comfortable numbers but with letters. And it
doesn't stop with this. You start seeing parenthesis and exponents, and a
whole potpourri of other symbols that seem to make no sense at all. This
single fact more than any other turns many people off to learning algebra. At
the very beginning you are asked to learn certain rules on how to calculate
things in algebra. You must learn which steps are legal to do before others,
and if you do them in the reverse order you get the wrong answer!</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This leads to frustration. With
frustration, despair follows in short order. And so the thoughts begin:<br />
"Why do I need to learn this?"<br />
"When would I ever use Algebra in real life?"</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="padding: 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What you have to remember, though, is
that basic math is riddled with special rules and symbols as well. For
example, the symbols "+" and "=" were at one time foreign
to us all. In addition the concept of adding fractions, as a single example,
is filled with special rules that we must learn. When adding 1/3 to 1/3, for
example, you keep the common denominator and add the numerators, so that 1/3
+ 1/3 = 2/3. The point here is that when you begin to learn algebra it may
seem overwhelming with the rules that you must learn, but this is no
different from the multitude of rules that you had to learn that dealt with
basic math such as addition and subtraction.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="padding: 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Learning Algebra is achievable for
all, you just need to take things one step at a time and learn the basic
rules before moving on to more advanced topics.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="padding: 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But this does not answer the question
of "Why should I learn Algebra?" This is a difficult question, but
the simplest answer is that Algebra is the beginning of a journey that gives
you the skills to solve more complex problems.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="padding: 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What types of problems can you solve
using only the skills you learned in Algebra? I invite you to take a journey
with me back to your childhood. We've all been to the playground and had a
great time on the see-saw, the merry-go-round, and the slide. At one time all
of us were completely fascinated with these trips to the playground, but
Algebra can help you understand them. The physics of all of these playground
toys can be completely understood using only Algebra. No Calculus required.
For example, if you knew the weight of a person at the top of the slide and
you knew the height of the slide you could roughly calculate how fast you
would be traveling as you exited the bottom of the slide.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="padding: 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On the see-saw, let's say that a
person was sitting at one end and you knew that person's weight. You'd like
to sit on the other side of the see-saw, but not at the very end - you'd like
to sit opposite your partner in the middle between the seat and the pivot
point. Using algebra, you could calculate how heavy you'd have to be to
exactly balance the see-saw.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="padding: 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Moving away from playground
equipment, as children we were all fascinated with the magical way that
magnets attract each other. Using algebra, you could calculate how much force
a given magnet would pull on another magnet.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="padding: 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There are examples all around us of
things in the everyday world that you could fully understand using only the tools
in algebra. If you drop a rock off of the roof of a house, how long would it
take to hit the ground? If you dropped a second rock 100 times as heavy off
of the roof of the same house, how long would it take to hit the ground? If
you somehow brought a bulldozer up to the roof of the house and dropped it,
how long would it take for the bulldozer to hit the ground? The answer in all
three cases it takes the same amount of time to hit the ground! The time of
free-fall depends only on the Earth's gravitational field (which is the same
for us all) and the height of the roof you drop from. Even though the
bulldozer is "heavier" than the rocks, they all fall at the same
rate to the ground.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="padding: 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Most people would assume that
learning about more "advanced" topics such as rocket propulsion and
Einstein's theory of Relativity would require much more advanced math than
Algebra. It is true that more advanced math is necessary to understand every
facet of these and other advanced topics. However, many of the fundamental principles
can be understood using only the tools in algebra. For example, the equations
that describe how a spacecraft orbits the Earth only involve algebra.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td style="padding: 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Moreover, many of the central topics
in Einstein's theory of special relativity can be understood only using
algebra. For example, it turns out if you are traveling on a spaceship near
the speed of light time actually slows down for you relative to your friends
back on Earth. In other words, if you were to fly in a spaceship near the
speed of light for some time and then you returned to Earth, you would find
that you had aged very little while your friends on Earth have aged a great
deal! Albert Einstein coined this phenomenon "time dilation" and it
can easily be calculated using only Algebra. This effect is not a theoretical
effect - it has actually been measured many times. In fact, the GPS system of
satellites in the sky that the military and police forces depend on must take
into account the effects of time dilation or else the system would not work
at all! Because the satellites are moving in orbit around the Earth at speeds
much smaller than the speed of light, the time dilation involved is very
small - but it must be accounted for or the system would not function.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td style="padding: 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Now, you might be thinking, "I never
learned how to calculate things such as this in my algebra class!" This
is in fact true. All of the applications we have been talking about here are
known as the study of Physics. If you had to boil the word Physics down to
one sentence it would be: "Physics is all about studying the world
around us using math as a tool."</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 15;">
<td style="padding: 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Simply put all the math that you ever
learn is really a tool for understanding the world around us. And believe me,
we have only begun to scratch the surface of understanding how the world
works. Algebra is a stepping stone to learning about this wonderful universe
that we live in. With it you have the tools to understand a great many things
and you also have the skills needed to continue on and learn Trigonometry and
Calculus which are essential for exploring other types of problems and
phenomena around us.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 16; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So, try not to think of Algebra as a
boring list of rules and procedures to memorize. Consider algebra as a gateway
to exploring the world around us all.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
DESI S.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02705918449366560605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8071749939135495467.post-10111773695949874192012-08-01T10:51:00.000+07:002012-10-05T10:51:54.255+07:00Math and Social Injustice<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><b>by Jack Ucifferri</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">When you walk into a
typical math class on a typical day in almost any school, you'll notice that
most of the students are bored and distracted. That, believes Jonathan Osler,
founder of RadicalMath, is a social justice issue.<br />
<br />
"Math classes should give students the tools to better understand their
reality. Who cares if '<i>Train A</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>goes
x+4 times faster than<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>train B</i>'
when your community isn't adequately served by public transportation?"<br />
<br />
Traditional math curricula don't teach students how to compare the density of
check-cashers to banks in low-income communities, evaluate college loan plans
to determine which offer the most favorable rates, or analyze data on rates of
diabetes and asthma in communities of color. Lesson plans for addressing all of
these issues can be found at RadicalMath.org, a free website for educators
interested in integrating issues of economic and social justice into their math
classes.<br />
<br />
"I believe in engaging and empowing students to learn about issues that
are relevant to their lives and communities," says RadicalMath founder,
Jonathan Osler, who taught in a public high school in Brooklyn, New York for
six years and now coaches math teachers in a public high school in Los Angeles.
"But there were no sources of information for how I could integrate social
justice issues into my math classes, so I began writing my own curricula and
posting it online." Two years later, RadicalMath contains over 800 lesson
plans, data sets, and articles, has received over 1,000,000 page views, and has
drawn visitors from all over the world.<br />
<br />
Osler explains that it is critical for students to graduate from high school
with strong math skills, prepared for math-based college majors and careers.
But equally strong is his belief that in order to address our country's most
pressing problems, young people need to become agents for change in their lives
and communities, and math is a tool that can help them do so.<br />
<br />
RadicalMath.org contains information on dozens of issues including racial
profiling, immigration, global warming, and the criminal justice system. There
are also numerous financial education resources and lesson plans on economic
topics such as minimum vs. living wage, predatory lending, the mathematics of
the lottery, and home ownership.<br />
<br />
Last April, Osler, along with several other RadicalMath contributors, organized
a national conference to discuss teaching math through a social justice lens.
This first annual "Creating Balance in an Unjust World" conference
drew over 500 educators, activists, parents and students from around the
country to Brooklyn, NY. Osler and the other organizers expect to draw twice as
many participants to this year's conference</span>DESI S.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02705918449366560605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8071749939135495467.post-52554643803424107502012-07-30T13:56:00.000+07:002012-10-03T13:57:02.784+07:00Pendekatan Open Ended Problem<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.9pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut Suherman dkk (2003; 123) problem yang
diformulasikan memiliki multijawaban yang benar disebut problem tak lengkap
atau disebut juga <i>Open-Ended problem</i> atau soal terbuka. Siswa yang
dihadapkan dengan <i>Open-Ended problem, </i>tujuan utamanya bukan untuk
mendapatkan jawaban tetapi lebih menekankan pada cara bagaimana sampai pada
suatu jawaban. Dengan demikian bukanlah hanya satu pendekatan atau metode dalam
mendapatkan jawaban, namun beberapa atau banyak.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a> <o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sifat “keterbukaan” dari suatu masalah dikatakan
hilang apabila hanya ada satu cara dalam menjawab permasalahan yang diberikan
atau hanya ada satu jawaban yang mungkin untuk masalah tersebut. Contoh
penerapan masalah <i>Open-Ended</i> dalam kegiatan pembelajaran adalah ketika
siswa diminta mengembangkan metode, cara atau pendekatan yang berbeda dalam
menjawab permasalahan yang diberikan bukan berorientasi pada jawaban (hasil)
akhir. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pembelajaran dengan pendekatan <i>Open-Ended</i>
diawali dengan memberikan masalah terbuka kepada siswa. Kegiatan pembelajaran
harus mengarah dan membawa siswa dalam menjawab masalah dengan banyak cara
serta mungkin juga dengan banyak jawaban (yang benar), sehingga merangsang
kemampuan intelektual dan pengalaman siswa dalam proses menemukan sesuatu yang
baru.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan dari pembelajaran <i>Open-Ended
problem</i> menurut Nohda (Suherman, dkk, 2003; 124) ialah untuk membantu
mengembangkan kegiatan kreatif dan pola pikir matematik siswa melalui <i>problem
posing </i>secara simultan. Dengan kata lain, kegiatan kreatif dan pola pikir
matematik siswa harus dikembangkan semaksimal mungkin sesuai dengan kemampuan
setiap siswa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pendekatan <i>Open-Ended</i> menjanjikan kepada suatu
kesempatan kepada siswa untuk meginvestigasi berbagai strategi dan cara yang
diyakininya sesuai dengan kemampuan mengelaborasi permasalahan. Tujuannya tiada
lain adalah agar kemampuan berpikir matematika siswa dapat berkembang secara
maksimal dan pada saat yang sama kegiatan-kegiatan kreatif dari setiap siswa
terkomunikasi melalui proses pembelajaran. Inilah yang menjadi pokok pikiran
pembelajaran dengan <i>Open-Ended</i>, yaitu pembelajaran yang membangun
kegiatan interaktif antara matematika dan siswa sehingga mengundang siswa untuk
menjawab permasalahan melalui berbagai strategi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam pembelajaran dengan pendekatan <i>Open-Ended</i>,
siswa diharapkan bukan hanya mendapatkan jawaban tetapi lebih menekankan pada
proses pencarian suatu jawaban. Menurut Suherman dkk (2003:124) mengemukakan
bahwa dalam kegiatan matematik dan kegiatan siswa disebut terbuka jika memenuhi
ketiga aspek berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Kegiatan
siswa harus terbuka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 15.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Yang
dimaksud kegiatan siswa harus terbuka adalah kegiatan pembelajaran harus
mengakomodasi kesempatan siswa untuk melakukan segala sesuatu secara bebas
sesuai kehendak mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Kegiatan
matematika merupakan ragam berpikir<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 15.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kegiatan
matematik adalah kegiatan yang didalamnya terjadi proses pengabstraksian dari
pengalaman nyata dalam kehidupan sehari-hari ke dalam dunia matematika atau
sebaliknya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. Kegiatan
siswa dan kegiatan matematika merupakan satu kesatuan</span></div>
DESI S.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02705918449366560605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8071749939135495467.post-3642299581390773882012-07-27T13:53:00.000+07:002012-10-03T13:58:18.399+07:00Penelitian Kausal-Komparatif dan Eksperimen Sungguhan <br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<script></script><script></script><script></script><script></script><b>Penelitian Kausal-Komparatif (Causal-Comparative Research)<br />
<br />
A. Tujuan</b><br />
Tujuan dari penelitian kausal-komparatif adalah untuk menyelidiki kemungkinan
hubungan sebab-akibat dengan cara berdasar atas pengamatan terhadap akibat yang
ada dan mencari kembali faktor yang mungkin menjadi penyebab melalui data
tertentu. Hal ini berlainan dengan metode eksperimental yang mengumpulkan
datanya pada waktu kini dalam kondisi yang dikontrol.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>B. Contoh-contoh</b></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Penelitian mengenai
faktor-faktor yang menjadi ciri-ciri pribadi yang gampang dan tidak
gampang mendapat kecelakaan dengan menggunakan data yang berwujud
catatan-catatan yang ada pada perusahaan asuransi.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Mencari pola tingkah laku dan
prestasi belajar yang berkaitan dengan perbedaan umur pada waktu masuk
sekolah, dengan cara menggunakan data deskriptif mengenai tingkah laku dan
skor test prestasi belajar yang terkumpul sampai anak-anak yang
bersangkutan berada di kelas <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">VI</st1:city>
<st1:state w:st="on">SD.</st1:state></st1:place></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Penelitian untuk menentukan
ciri-ciri guru yang efektif dengan mempergunakan data yang berupa catatan
mengenai sejarah pekerjaan selengkap mungkin.</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b></b><br />
<a name='more'></a><b><br />
C. Ciri-ciri pokok</b><br />
Penelitian kausal-komparatif bersifat ex post facto, artinya data dikumpulkan
setelah semua kejadian yang dipersoalkan berlangsung (telah lalu). Penelitian
mengambil satu atau lebih akibat (sebagai “dependent variables”) dan menguji
data itu dengan menelusur kembali ke masa lampau untuk mencari sebab-sebab,
saling hubungan dan maknanya.<br />
<b><br />
<i>Keunggulan-keunggulan :</i></b></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Metode kausal-komparatif
adalah baik untuk berbagai keadaan kalau metode yang lebih kuat, yaitu
metode eksperimental, tak dapat digunakan ketika: a) Apabila tidak selalu
mungkin untuk memilih, mengontrol dan memanipulasikan faktor-faktor yang
perlu untuk menyelidiki hubungan sebab-akibat secara langsung.b) Apabila
pengontrolan terhadap semua variabel kecuali variabel bebas sangat tidak
realistis dan dibuat-buat, yang mencegah interaksi normal dengan lain-lain
variabel yang berpengaruh.c) Apabila kontrol di laboratorium untuk
berbagai tujuan penelitian adalah tidak praktis, terlalu mahal, atau
dipandang dari segi etika diragukan/ dipertanyakan.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Studi kausal-komparatif
menghasilkan informasi yang sangat berguna mengenai sifat-sifat gejala
yang dipersoalkan: apa sejalan dengan apa, dalam kondisi apa, pada
perurutan dan pola yang bagaimana, dan yang sejenis dengan itu.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Perbaikan-perbaikan dalam hal
teknik, metode statistik, dan rancangan dengan kontrol parsial, pada
akhir-akhir ini telah membuat studi kausal-komparatif itu lebih dapat
dipertanggungjawabkan.</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i>Kelemahan-kelemahan :</i></b></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Kelemahan utama setiap
rancangan ex post facto adalah tidak adanya kontrol terhadap variabel
bebas. Dalam batas-batas pemilihan yang dapat dilakukan, peneliti harus
mengambil fakta-fakta yang dijumpainya tanpa kesempatan untuk mengatur
kondisi-kondisinya atau memanipulasikan variabel-variabel yang
mempengaruhi fakta-fakta yang dijumpainya itu. Untuk dapat mencapai
kesimpulan yang sehat, peneliti harus mempertimbangkan segala alasan yang
mungkin ada atau hipotesis-hipotesis saingan yang mungkin diajukan yang
dimungkinkan mempengaruhi hasil-hasil yang dicapai. Sejauh peneliti dapat
dengan sukses membuat justifikasi kesimpulannya terhadap
alternatif-alternatif lain itu, dia ada dalam posisi yang secara relatif
kuat.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Adalah sulit untuk memperoleh
kepastian bahwa faktor-faktor penyebab yang relevan telah benar-benar
tercakup dalam kelompok faktor-faktor yang sedang diselidiki.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Kenyataan bahwa faktor
penyebab bukanlah faktor tunggal, melainkan kombinasi dan interaksi antara
berbagai faktor dalam kondisi tertentu untuk menghasilkan efek yang
disaksikan, menyebabkan masalah menjadi sangat kompleks.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Suatu gejala mungkin tidak
hanya merupakan akibat dari sebab-sebab ganda, tetapi dapat pula
disebabkan oleh sesuatu sebab pada kejadian tertentu dan oleh lain sebab
pada kejadian lain.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Apabila saling hubungan
antara dua variabel telah diketemukan, mungkin sulit untuk menentukan mana
yang sebab dan mana yang akibat.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Kenyataan bahwa dua atau
lebih faktor saling berhubungan tidaklah selalu memberi implikasi adanya
hubungan sebab-akibat. Kenyataan itu mungkin hanyalah karena faktor-faktor
tersebut berkaitan dengan faktor lain yang tidak diketahui atau tidak
terobservasi.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Menggolong-golongkan subjek
ke dalam kategori dikotomi (misalnya: golongan pandai dan golongan bodoh)
untuk tujuan pembandingan, menimbulkan persoalan-persoalan, karena
kategori-kategori seperti itu bersifat kabur , bervariasi dan tidak
mantap. Seringkali penelitian yang demikian itu tidak menghasilkan
penemuan yang berguna.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Studi komparatif dalam
situasi alami tidak memungkinkan pemilihan subjek secara terkontrol.
Menempatkan kelompok yang telah ada yang mempunyai kesamaan dalam berbagai
hal kecuali dalam hal dihadapkannya pada kepada variabel bebas adalah
sangat sulit.</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<b>D. Langkah-langkah pokok</b></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Mendefinisikan masalah</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Melakukan penelaahan
kepustakaan</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Merumuskan
hipotesis-hipotesis</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Merumuskan asumsi-asumsi yang
mendasari hipotesis-hipotesis itu serta prosedur-prosedur yang akan
digunakan</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Merancang cara pendekatannya,
antara lain : a) Pilihlah subjek-subjek yang akan
digunakan serta sumber-sumber yang relevan, b) Pilihlah
atau susunlah teknik yang akan digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data, c)
Tentukan kategori-kategori untuk mengklasifikasikan data yang jelas,
sesuai dengan tujuan studi, dan dapat menunjukkan kesamaan atau saling
hubungan</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Memvalidasikan teknik untuk
mengumpulkan data itu dan menginterpretasi <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">kan</st1:place></st1:state> hasilnya dalam cara yang jelas dan
cermat.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Mengumpulkan dan menganalisis
data</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Menyusun laporannya</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<b>Penelitian Eksperimen Sungguhan (True Experimental Research)<br />
</b><br />
<b>A. Tujuan<br />
</b>Tujuan penelitian eksperimen sungguhan adalah: untuk menyelidiki
kemungkinan saling hubungan sebab-akibat. Dengan cara mengenakan kepada satu
atau lebih kelompok eksperimantal satu atau lebih kondisi perilakuan yang
membandingkan hasilnya dengan satu atau lebih kelompok control yang tidak di
kenai kondisi perlakuan.<br />
<br />
<b>B. Contoh-Contoh :</b></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Penelitian untuk menyelidiki
pengaruh dua meted mengajar sejarah pada murid-murid kelas 3 SMA sebagai
fungsi ukuran kelas (besar dan kecil) dan taraf intelegensi murid (tinggi,
sedang, rendah).</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">penelitian untuk
menyelidikiefek program pencegahan penyalahgunaan obat terhadap sikap
murid-murid SMP, dengan mengunakan kelompok eksperimen (yang dikenalkan
dengan program itu) dan dengan mengunakan rancangan pretest-posttest
dimana hanya separo dari mrid-murid itu secara random menerima pretest
untuk menentukan seberapa besarnya perubahan sikap itu dapat dikatakan
disebabkan oleh pretesting atau oleh program pendidikan</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">penelitian untuk menyelidiki
efek pemberian tambahan makanan di sekolah kepada murid-murid SD di suatu
daerah dengan memperhatikan keadaan social ekonomi orang tua dan taraf
intelegensi </li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<b>C. Ciri-ciri Experimantal Designs</b></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Menuntut pengaturan
variable-variabel dan kondisi-kondisi experimental secara tertib-ketat,
baik dengan control atau manipulasi langsung maupun dengan randomisasi</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Secara khas mengunakan
kelompok control sebagai garis besar, untuk dibandingkan dengan
kelompok-kelompok yang dikenai perlakuan experimental</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Memusatkan usaha pada
pengontrolan varians : A.Untuk memaksimalkan varians
variable yang berkaitan dengan hipotesis penelitian. B. Untuk meminimalkan varians variable pengganggu atau yang tidak di
inginkan yang mungkin mempenggaruhi hasil exsperiment tetapi yang tidak
menjadi tujuan penelitian C. Untuk meminimalkan
varians kekeliruan atau varians rambang, termasuk apa yang disebut
kekeliruan pengukuran. Penyelesaian terbaik : pemilihan subyek secara
rambang, penempatan subyek dalam kelompok-kelompok secara rambang,
penentuan perlakuan eksperimental kepada kelompok secara rambang</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Internal validity adalah sine
qua non untuk rancangan ini dan merupakan tujuan pertama metode
experimental, </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Tujuan kedua metode experimental
adalah external validity, yang penelitian ini ada beberapa jauh
hasil-hasilnya dapat digenerlisasikan kepada subyek-subyek atau
kondisi-kondisi yang semacam.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Dalam Rancangan experimental
yang klasik, semua variable penting diusahakan agar konstan kecuali
variable perlakuan yang secara sengaja dimanipulasikan atau dibiarkan
bervariasi.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Walaupun cara pendekatan
eksperimental itu adalah yang paling kuat karena cara itu memungkinkan
untuk mengontrol variable-variabel yang relevan, namun cara ini juga
paling restriktif dan dibuat-buat. Ciri inilah yang merupakan kelemahan
utama kalau metode ini digunakan kepada manusia dalam dunianya , karena
manusia sering dibuat lain apabila tingkahlakunya dibatasi secara
artificial, dimanipulasikan atau diobserfasi secara sistematis atau di
evaluasi </li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>D. Langkah-langkah pokok</b></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Lakukan survai kepustakaan
yang relevan bagi masalah yang akan di garap</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Identifikasi dan definisikan
masalah</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Rumuskan hipotesis,
berdasarkan atas penelaahan kepustakaan</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Definisikan pengertian-pengertian
dasar dan variable-variabel utama</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Susun rancangan eksperimen:
a) Identifikasi bermacam-macam variable yang relevan.
b) Identifikasi variable-variabel non eksperimental yang
mungkin mencemarkan eksperimen, dan tentukan bagaimana caranya mengontrol
variable-variabel tersebut. c) Tentukan rancangan
eksperimennya. d) Pilih subyek yang representative bagi
populasi tertentu, tentukan sikap-sikap yang masuk kelompok eksperimen.
e) Terapkan perlakuan. f) Pilih atau
susun alat untuk mengukur hasil eksperimen dan validasikan alat tersebut.
g) Rancangkan prosedur pengumpulan data, dan jika
mungkin lakukan pilot atau trial run test untuk menyempurnakan alat
pengukur atau rancangan eksperimennya. h) Rumuskan
hipotesis nolnya</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Lakukan eksperimen</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Aturlah data kasar itu dalam
cara yang mempermudah analisis selanjutnya; tempatkan dalam rancangan yang
memungkinkan memperhitungkan efek yang di perkirakan akan ada</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Terapkan test signifikansi
untuk menentukan taraf signifikansi hasilnya</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;">Buatlah interpretasi mengenai hasil testing itu,
berkan diskusi seperlunya, dan tulislah laporannya </span></li>
</ol>
DESI S.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02705918449366560605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8071749939135495467.post-58017172014507693372012-07-24T13:44:00.000+07:002012-10-03T13:58:52.154+07:00Model Pembelajaran Talking Stick<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Model pembelajaran <b>Talking Stick</b>
menggunakan sebuah tongkat sebagai alat penunjuk giliran. Siswa yang mendapat
tongkat akan diberi pertanyaan dan harus menjawabnya. Kemudian secara estafet
tongkat tersebut berpindah ke tangan siswa lainnya secara bergiliran. Demikian
seterusnya sampai seluruh siswa mendapat tongkat dan pertanyaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Langkah-langkah pembelajarannya</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Guru menjelaskan tujuan pembelajaran/KD.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Guru menyiapkan sebuah tongkat.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Guru menyampaikan materi pokok yang akan dipelajari,
kemudian memberikan kesempatan kepada siswa untuk membaca dan mempelajari
materi lebih lanjut.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah siswa selesai membaca materi/buku pelajaran dan
mempelajarinya, siswa menutup bukunya dan mepersiapkan diri menjawab
pertanyaan guru.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Guru mengambil tongkat dan memberikan kepada siswa,
setelah itu guru memberikan pertanyaan dan siswa yang memegang tongkat
tersebut harus menjawabnya, jika siswa sudah dapat menjawabnya maka
tongkat diserahkan kepada siswa lain. Demikian seterusnya sampai sebagian
besar siswa mendapat bagian untuk menjawab setiap pertanyaan dari guru.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Guru memberikan kesimpulan.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Evaluasi.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penutup.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Demikianlah, mudah-mudahan postingan
ini dapat menambah khasanah pembelajaran kita sehingga pembelajaran yang
dirancang Bapak/Ibu Guru dapat lebih bervariatif, lebih bermakna, menantang
sekaligus menyenangkan.</span></div>
DESI S.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02705918449366560605noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8071749939135495467.post-54696746686245251212012-07-20T13:40:00.000+07:002012-10-03T13:59:09.108+07:00causal-comparative research<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sometimes causal-comparative studies are conducted solel, as
an alternative to experiments. Suppose, for example, that the curriculum
director in a large urban high school district is considering implementing a
new English curriculum. The director might try the curriculum out
experimentally, selecting a few classes at random throughout the district, and
compare student performance in these classes with comparison groups who
continue to experience the regular curriculum. This might take a considerable
amout of time, however, and be quite costly in terms of materials, teacher
preparation workshops, and so on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As an
altenative, the director might consider a causal-comparative study and compare
the achievement of students in school districts that are currently using this
curriculum with the achievement of students similar districts that do not use
the new curriculum. If the results show that students in districts (similar to
his) with the new curriculum are achieving higher scores in English, the
director<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>would have a basisfor
going<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ahead and implementaing the new
curriculum in his district. Like correlational studies, causal-comparative
investigations often indentify relationship that later are studied
experimentally.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Despite their advantages, however, causal-comparative
studies do have serious limitations. The most serious lie in the lack of
control over threats to intenal validity. Since the manipulation of the
independent variable has already occurred, many of the controls we discussed in
chapter thirteen cannot be applied. Thus considerable caution must be expressed
in interpretingthe outcomes of a causal-comparative study. As with correlations
studies, relationships can be identified, but causation cannot be established.
As we have pointed out before, the alleged cause may really be an effect, the
effect may be a cause, or there may be a third variable that caused both the
alleged cause and effect.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Similarities and differences between causal-comparative<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and correlational research</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Causal-comparative research is sometimes confused with
correlational research. Although similarities do exist, there are notable<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>differences as well.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Similarities. Both causal-comparative and correlational
research studies are example of associational research, that is, researchers
who conduct them seek to explore relationships among variables. Both attempt to
explain phenomena of interest. Both seek to identify variables that are worthy
of later exploration through experimental research and both often provide
guidance for subsequent experimental studies. Neither permits the manipulation
of variables by the researcher, how ever.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Differences. Causal-comparative studies typically compare
two or more groups of subjects, while correlational studies require a score on
each variable for each subject. Correlational studies investigate two (or more)
quantitative variables, whereas causal-comparative studies involve at least one
categorical variable (group membership). Correlational<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>studies analyze data using scatterplots
and/or correlation coefficients, while causal-comparative studies compare
averages or use crossbreak tables.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Similarities and differences between causal-comparative and
experimental research</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Similarities. Both causal-comparative and experimental
studies typically require at least one categorical variable (group membership).
Both compare group performance (average scores) to determine relationships.
Both typically compare separate groups of subjects.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Differences. In experimental research, the independent
variable is manipulated; in causal-comparative research, no manipulation takes
place. Causal-comparative studies provide much weaker evidence for causation
than do experimental studies. In experimental research, the researcher can
sometimes assign subjects to treatment groups; in causal-comparative research,
the groups already formed- the researcher must locate them. In experimental
studies, the researcher has much greater flexibility in formulating the
structure of the desaign.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Steps involved in causal-comparative research</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Problem formulation</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The first step in formulating<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a problem in causal-comparative research is
usually to identify and define the particular phenomena of interest and then to
consider possible causes for, or consequenses of, these phenomena.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Suppose, for example, that a researcher is
interested in student cereatifity. What causes creatifity? Why are a few
students highly creative while most are not? Why do some students who initially
appear to be creative seem to lose this characteristic? Why do others who at
one time are not creative later become so? And so forth.</div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">The
researcher speculates, for example, that high-level creativity might be caused
by a combination of social failure, on the one hand, and personal recognition
for artistic or scientific achievement, on the other. The researcher also
identifies a number of alternative hypotheses that might account for a
difference between highly creative and noncreative students. Both the quantity
and quality of student’s interests, for example, might account for differences
in creatifity. Highly creative students might tend to have many diverse
interests. Parental encouragement to explore ideas might also account partly
for creatifity, as might some types of intellectual skills.</span>DESI S.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02705918449366560605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8071749939135495467.post-80058521591567326882012-07-18T09:44:00.000+07:002012-10-01T09:45:19.105+07:00bacause of you - sabrina<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Want to but I can't help it</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">I love the way it feels</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">It's got me stuck between my fantasy and what is
real</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">I need it when I want it I want it when I don't</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Tell myself I'll stop everyday knowin' that I
won't</span><br />
<br />
<span class="apple-style-span">I got a problem and I don't know what to do about
it</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Even if I did I don't know if I would quit but I
doubt it</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">I'm taken by the thought of it and I know this
much is true</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Baby you have become my addiction I'm so strung
out on you</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">I can barely move but I like it</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">And it's all because of you [3X]</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">And it's all because...</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Never get enough</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">She's the sweetest drug</span><br />
<br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Think of it every second</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">I can't get nothing done</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Only concern is the next time I'm gonna get me
some</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Know I should stay away from cause it's no good
for me</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">I try and try but my obsession wont let me leave</span><br />
<br />
<span class="apple-style-span">I got a problem and I don't know what to do about
it</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Even if I did I don't know if I would quit but I
doubt it</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">I'm taken by the thought of it and I know this
much is true</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Baby you have become my addiction I'm so strung out
on you</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">I can barely move but I like it</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">And it's all because of you (all because of you)
[3X]</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">And it's all because...</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Never get enough</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">She's the sweetest drug</span><br />
<br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Ain't no doubt so strung out [2X]</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Over you over you over you</span><br />
<br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Because of you</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">And it's all because of you</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Never get enough</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">She's the sweetest drug she's the sweetest drug</span></span>DESI S.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02705918449366560605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8071749939135495467.post-40710737844580434942012-07-17T21:39:00.000+07:002012-10-02T22:29:07.023+07:00Linkin Park - A Place for My Head<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
I watch how the moon sits in the sky<br />
On a dark night shining with the light from the sun<br />
The sun doesn't give light to the moon<br />
Assuming the moon's going to owe it one<br />
It makes me think of how you act to me<br />
You do favors and then rapidly<br />
You just turn around and start asking me about<br />
Things you want back from me<br />
<br />
Pre chorus:<br />
I'm sick of the tension, sick of the hunger<br />
Sick of you acting like I owe you this<br />
Find another place to feed your greed<br />
While I find a place to rest<br />
<br />
I want to be in another place<br />
I hate when you say you don't understand<br />
(You'll see it's not meant to be)<br />
I want to be in the energy, not with the enemy<br />
A place for my head<br />
Maybe someday I'll be just like you, and<br />
Step on people like you do and<br />
Run away the people I thought I knew<br />
I remember back then who you were<br />
You used to be calm, used to be strong<br />
Used to be generous, but you should've known<br />
That you'd wear out your welcome<br />
Now you see how quiet it is, all alone<br />
<br />
Pre chorus (2x)<br />
Chorus<br />
<br />
You try to take the best of me<br />
Go away (8x)<br />
<br />
Chorus<br />
<br />
Pre chorus (2x)</div>
DESI S.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02705918449366560605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8071749939135495467.post-51679023508417278832012-07-16T09:36:00.000+07:002012-10-01T09:36:45.608+07:00A Little Piece Of Heaven lyrics<span class="apple-style-span"><b><span style="color: sienna; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Songwriters:</span></b></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: sienna; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: sienna; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Baker, Zachary James; Haner, Jr., Brian Elwin;
Sanders, Matthew Charles; Sullivan, James Owen;</span></span><span style="color: sienna; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />
<br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Before the story begins, is it such a sin</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">For me to take what's mine until the end of time?</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">We were more than friends before the story ends</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">And I will take what's mine, create what God would
never design</span><br />
<br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Our love had been so strong for far too long</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">I was weak with fear that something would go wrong</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Before the possibilities came true I took all
possibility from you</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Almost laughed myself to tears, conjuring her
deepest fears</span><br />
<br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Must have stabbed her fifty fucking times</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">I can't believe it</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Ripped her heart out right before her eyes</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Eyes over easy, eat it, eat it, eat it</span><br />
<br />
<span class="apple-style-span">She was never this good in bed even when she was sleeping</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Now she's just so perfect, I've never been quite
so fucking deep in</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">It goes on and on, and on, I can keep you looking
young</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">And preserved forever with a fountain to spray on
your youth whenever</span><br />
<br />
<span class="apple-style-span">?Cause I really always knew that my little crime</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Would be cold that's why I got a heater for your
thighs</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">And I know, I know it's not your time but bye, bye</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">And a word to the wise when the fire dies</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">You think it's over but it's just begun, baby
don't cry</span><br />
<br />
<span class="apple-style-span">You had my heart, at least for the most part</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">?Cause everybody's gotta die sometime</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">We fell apart, let's make a new start</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">?Cause everybody's gotta die sometime, but baby,
don't cry</span><br />
<br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Now possibilities I'd never considered</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Are occurring the likes of which I'd never heard</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Now an angry soul comes back from beyond the grave</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">To repossess a body with which I'd misbehaved</span><br />
<br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Smiling right from ear to ear</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Almost laughed herself to tears</span><br />
<br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Must have stabbed him fifty fucking times</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">I can't believe it</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Ripped his heart out right before his eyes</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Eyes over easy, eat it, eat it, eat it</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">[. From:
http://www.elyrics.net/read/a/avenged-sevenfold-lyrics/a-little-piece-of-heaven-lyrics.html
.]</span><br />
<br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Now that it's done, I realize the error of my ways</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">I must venture back to apologize</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">From somewhere far beyond the grave</span><br />
<br />
<span class="apple-style-span">I gotta make up for what I've done</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">?Cause I was all up in a piece of heaven</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">While you burned in hell, no peace forever</span><br />
<br />
<span class="apple-style-span">?Cause I really always knew that my little crime</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Would be cold that's why I got a heater for your
thighs</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">And I know, I know it's not your time but bye, bye</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">And a word to the wise when the fire dies</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">You think it's over but it's just begun but baby,
don't cry</span><br />
<br />
<span class="apple-style-span">You had my heart at least for the most part</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">?Cause everybody's gotta die sometime</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">We fell apart, let?s make a new start</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">?Cause everybody's gotta die sometime, but baby,
don't cry</span><br />
<br />
<span class="apple-style-span">I will suffer for so long</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">(What will you do, not long enough?)</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">To make it up to you</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">(I pray to God that you do)</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">I'll do whatever you want me to do</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">(Well then I?ll break you unchained)</span><br />
<br />
<span class="apple-style-span">And if it's not enough</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">(If it?s not enough, if it?s not enough)</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">If it's not enough</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">(Not enough)</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Try again</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">(Try again)</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">And again</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">(And again)</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Over and over again</span><br />
<br />
<span class="apple-style-span">We?re coming back, coming back</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">We?ll live forever, live forever</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Let?s have a wedding, have a wedding</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Let?s start the killing, start the killing</span><br />
<br />
<span class="apple-style-span">?Cause I really always knew that my little crime</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Would be cold that's why I got a heater for your
thighs</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">And I know, I know it's not your time but bye, bye</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">And a word to the wise when the fire dies</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">You think it's over but it's just begun but baby,
don't cry</span><br />
<br />
<span class="apple-style-span">You had my heart at least for the most part</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">?Cause everybody's gotta die sometime</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">We fell apart, let?s make a new start</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">?Cause everybody's gotta die sometime, but baby,
don't cry</span></span>DESI S.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02705918449366560605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8071749939135495467.post-61776089037799943032012-07-14T09:09:00.000+07:002012-10-01T09:09:56.180+07:00Kemiskinan di Indonesia<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><strong><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Perkembangan Tingkat Kemiskinan di
Indonesia</span></strong></span><br /><ol start="1" type="1">
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Bagaimana perkembangan tingkat kemiskinan di Indonesia?
Program Pembangunan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB) meluncurkan laporan tahunan
Pembangunan manusia (Human Development Report) 2006 yang bertajuk Beyord
scarcity; power, poverty dan the global water. Laporan ini menjadi rujukan
perencanaan pembangunan dan menjadi salah satu Indikator kegagalan atau
keberhasilan sebuah negara menyejahterakan rakyatnya. Selama satu dekade ini
Indonesia berada pada Tier Medium Human Development peringkat ke 110, terburuk
di Asia Tenggara setelah Kamboja.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;">Jumlah kemiskinan dan persentase penduduk miskin selalu
berfluktuasi dari tahun ke tahun, meskipun ada kecenderungan menurun pada salah
satu periode (2000-2005). Pada periode 1996-1999 penduduk miskin meningkat
sebesar 13,96 juta, yaitu dari 34,01 juta(17,47%) menjadi 47,97 juta (23,43%)
pada tahun 1999. Kembali cerah ketika periode 1999-2002, penduduk miskin
menurun 9,57 juta yaitu dari 47,97 (23,43%) menurun menjadi 38,48 juta
(18,20%). Keadaan ini terulang ketika periode berikutnya (2002-2005) yaitu
penurunan penduduk miskin hingga 35,10 juta pada tahun 2005 dengan presentasi
menurun dari 18,20% menjadi 15,97 %. Sedangkan pada tahun 2006 penduduk miskin
bertambah dari 35,10 juta (15,97%) menjadi 39,05 juta (17,75%) berarti penduduk
miskin meningkat sebesar 3,95 juta (1,78%). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;">Adapun laporan terakhir, Badan Pusat Statistika ( BPS )
yang telah melaksanakan Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (SUSENAS) pada bulan
Maret 2007 angka resmi jumlah masyarakat miskin adalah 39,1 juta orang dengan
kisaran konsumsi kalori 2100 kilo kalori (kkal) atau garis kemiskinan ketika
pendapatan kurang dari Rp 152.847 per-kapita per bulan.</span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><strong><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></strong></span><div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><strong><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Penjelasan Teknis dan Sumber Data</span></strong></span><br /><ol start="1" type="1">
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;">Sebagai tinjauan kevalidan dan pemahaman data di atas
secara lugas, dipaparkan penjelasan data dan sumber data yang diambil dari
Berita Resmi Statistika No.47/ IX/ 1 September 2006, yaitu sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">a. Untuk mengukur kemiskinan, BPS menggunakan konsep
kemampuan memenuhi kebutuhan dasar (Basic Needs Approach). Dengan pendekatan
ini kemiskinan dipandang sebagai ketidakmampuan dari sisi ekonomi. Untuk
memenuhi kebutuhan dasar makanan dan bukan makanan yang diukur dari sisi
pengeluaran. Dengan pendekatan ini dapat dihitung Head Count Indeks (HCI) yaitu
persentase penduduk yang berada di bawah garis kemiskinan.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">b. Metode yang digunakan menghitung Garis Kemiskinan(GK)
yang terdiri dari dua komponen yaitu Garis Kemiskinan Makanan (GKM) dan Garis
Kemiskinan Bukan Makanan (GKBM). Perhitungan garis kemiskinan dilakukan secara
terpisah untuk daerah perkotaan dan pedesaan. Penduduk miskin adalah penduduk
yang memiliki rata-rata pendapatan per-kapita di bawah garis kemiskinan.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">c. Sumber utama data yang dipakai untuk menghitung
kemiskinan adalah data Susenas (Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional) panel Februari
2005 dan Maret 2006. Sebagai informasi tambahan,digunakan juga Survei Paket
Komoditi Kebutuhan Dasar (SPKKD) yang dipakai untuk memperkirakan Proporsi dari
Pengeluaran masing-masing komoditi pokok bukan makanan.</span></div>
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<strong><br /></strong></div>
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<span style="color: black;"></span><strong>Tantangan
Kemiskinan di Indonesia</strong></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">Masalah kemiskinan di Indonesia sarat sekali hubungannya
dengan rendahnya tingkat Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM). dibuktikan oleh rendahnya
mutu kehidupan masyarakat Indonesia meskipun kaya akan Sumber Daya Alam (SDA).
Sebagaimana yang ditunjukkan oleh rendahnya Indeks Pembangunan Masyarakat (IPM)
Indonesia pada tahun 2002 sebesar 0,692. yang masih menempati peringkat lebih
rendah dari Malaysia dan Thailand di antara negara-negara ASEAN. Sementara,
Indeks Kemiskinan Manusia (IKM) Indonesia pada tahun yang sama sebesar 0,178.
masih lebih tinggi dari Filipina dan Thailand. Selain itu, kesenjangan gender
di Indonesia masih relatif lebih besar dibanding negara ASEAN lainnya.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">Tantangan lainnya adalah kesenjangan antara desa dan kota.
Proporsi penduduk miskin di pedesaan relatif lebih tinggi dibanding perkotaan.
Data Susenas (National Social Ekonomi Survey) 2004 menunjukkan bahwa sekitar
69,0 % penduduk Indonesia termasuk penduduk miskin yang sebagian besar bekerja
di sektor pertanian. Selain itu juga tantangan yang sangat memilukan adalah
kemiskinan di alami oleh kaum perempuan yang ditunjukkan oleh rendahnya
kualitas hidup dan peranan wanita, terjadinya tindak kekerasan terhadap
perempuan dan anak, serta masih rendahnya angka pembangunan gender
(Gender-related Development Indeks, GDI) dan angka Indeks pemberdayaan
Gender(Gender Empowerment Measurement,GEM). </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">Tantangan selanjutnya adalah otonomi daerah. di mana hal
ini mempunyai peran yang sangat signifikan untuk mengentaskan atau
menjerumuskan masyarakat dari kemiskinan. Sebab ketika meningkatnya peran
keikutsertaan pemerintah daerah dalam penanggulangan kemiskinan. maka tidak
mustahil dalam jangka waktu yang relatif singkat kita akan bisa mengentaskan
masyarakat dari kemiskinan pada skala nasional terutama dalam mendekatkan
pelayanan dasar bagi masyarakat. Akan tetapi ketika pemerintah daerah kurang
peka terhadap keadaan lingkungan sekitar, hal ini sangat berpotensi sekali
untuk membawa masyarakat ke jurang kemiskinan, serta bisa menimbulkan bahaya
laten dalam skala Nasional.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"></span><strong><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kebijakan dan Program Penuntasan
Kemiskinan</span></strong></div>
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<strong><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: black;">Upaya penanggulangan kemiskinan Indonesia telah dilakukan
dan menempatkan penanggulangan kemiskinan sebagai prioritas utama kebijakan
pembangunan nasional. Kebijakan kemiskinan merupakan prioritas Rencana
Pembangunan Jangka Menengah (RPJM) 2004-2009 dan dijabarkan lebih rinci dalam
Rencana Kerja Pemerintah (RKP) setiap tahun serta digunakan sebagai acuan bagi
kementrian, lembaga dan pemerintah daerah dalam pelaksanaan pembangunan
tahunan.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">Sebagai wujud gerakan bersama dalam mengatasi kemiskinan
dan mencapai Tujuan pembangunan Milenium, Strategi Nasional Pembangunan
Kemiskinan (SPNK) telah disusun melalui proses partisipatif dengan melibatkan
seluruh stakeholders pembangunan di Indonesia. Selain itu, sekitar 60 %
pemerintah kabupaten/ kota telah membentuk Komite penanggulangan Kemiskinan
Daerah (KPKD) dan menyusun Strategi Penanggulangan Kemiskinan Daerah (SPKD)
sebagai dasar arus utama penanggulangan kemiskinan di daerah dan mendorong
gerakan sosial dalam mengatasi kemiskinan.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">Adapun langkah jangka pendek yang diprioritaskan antara
lain sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">a) Mengurangi kesenjangan antar daerah dengan; (i)
penyediaan sarana-sarana irigasi, air bersih dan sanitasi dasar terutama
daerah-daerah langka sumber air bersih. (ii) pembangunan jalan, jembatan, dan
dermaga daerah-daerah tertinggal. (iii) redistribusi sumber dana kepada
daerah-daerah yang memiliki pendapatan rendah dengan instrumen Dana Alokasi
Khusus (DAK) .</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">b) Perluasan kesempatan kerja dan berusaha dilakukan
melalui bantuan dana stimulan untuk modal usaha, pelatihan keterampilan kerja
dan meningkatkan investasi dan revitalisasi industri.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">c) Khusus untuk pemenuhan sarana hak dasar penduduk miskin
diberikan pelayanan antara lain (i) pendidikan gratis sebagai penuntasan
program belajar 9 tahun termasuk tunjangan bagi murid yang kurang mampu (ii)
jaminan pemeliharaan kesehatan gratis bagi penduduk miskin di puskesmas dan
rumah sakit kelas tiga.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">Di bawah ini merupakan contoh dari upaya mengatasi
kemiskinan di Indonesia.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">Contoh
dari upaya kemiskinan adalah di propinsi Jawa Barat tepatnya di Bandung dengan
diadakannya <strong>Bandung Peduli</strong> yang dibentuk pada tanggal 23 – 25
Februari 1998. Bandung Peduli adalah gerakan kemanusiaan yang memfokuskan
kegiatannya pada upaya menolong orang kelaparan, dan mengentaskan orang-orang
yang berada di bawah garis kemiskinan. Dalam melakukan kegiatan, Bandung Peduli
berpegang teguh pada wawasan kemanusiaan, tanpa mengindahkan perbedaan suku,
ras, agama, kepercayaan, ataupun haluan politik.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal;">Oleh karena sumbangan dari para dermawan tidak
terlalu besar bila dibandingkan dengan permasalahan kelaparan dan kemiskinan yang
dihadapi, maka Bandung Peduli melakukan targetting dengan sasaran bahwa orang
yang dibantu tinggal di Kabupaten/ Kotamadya Bandung, dan mereka yang tergolong
fakir. Golongan fakir yang dimaksud adalah orang yang miskin sekali dan paling
miskin bila diukur dengan “Ekuivalen Nilai Tukar Beras”.</span></div>
</div>
DESI S.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02705918449366560605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8071749939135495467.post-20444383864512588412012-07-13T09:03:00.000+07:002012-10-01T09:03:56.512+07:00Penyebab Kemiskinan<br />
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<span style="color: black;">Di bawah ini beberapa penyebab kemiskinan menurut pendapat
Karimah Kuraiyyim. Yang antara lain adalah:</span></div>
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<strong><span style="color: black;">a. Merosotnya standar perkembangan pendapatan per-kapita
secara global.</span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: black;">Yang
penting digarisbawahi di sini adalah bahwa standar pendapatan per-kapita
bergerak seimbang dengan produktivitas yang ada pada suatu sistem. Jikalau
produktivitas berangsur meningkat maka pendapatan per-kapita pun akan naik.
Begitu pula sebaliknya, seandainya produktivitas menyusut maka pendapatan
per-kapita akan turun beriringan.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">Berikut
beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi kemerosotan standar perkembangan pendapatan
per-kapita:</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">a)
Naiknya standar perkembangan suatu daerah.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">b)
Politik ekonomi yang tidak sehat.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">c)
Faktor-faktor luar neger, diantaranya:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">- </span><span style="color: black;">Rusaknya syarat-syarat perdagangan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">- </span><span style="color: black;">Beban hutang</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">- </span><span style="color: black;">Kurangnya bantuan luar negeri, dan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">- </span><span style="color: black;">Perang</span></div>
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<strong><span style="color: black;">b. Menurunnya etos kerja dan produktivitas masyarakat.</span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: black;">Terlihat
jelas faktor ini sangat urgen dalam pengaruhnya terhadap kemiskinan. Oleh
karena itu, untuk menaikkan etos kerja dan produktivitas masyarakat harus
didukung dengan SDA dan SDM yang bagus, serta jaminan kesehatan dan pendidikan
yang bisa dipertanggungjawabkan dengan maksimal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<strong><span style="color: black;">c. Biaya kehidupan yang tinggi.</span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: black;">Melonjak tingginya biaya kehidupan di suatu daerah adalah
sebagai akibat dari tidak adanya keseimbangan pendapatan atau gaji masyarakat.
Tentunya kemiskinan adalah konsekuensi logis dari realita di atas. Hal ini bisa
disebabkan oleh karena kurangnya tenaga kerja ahli, lemahnya peranan wanita di
depan publik dan banyaknya pengangguran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<strong><span style="color: black;">d. Pembagian subsidi in come pemerintah yang kurang merata.</span></strong></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Hal ini selain menyulitkan akan terpenuhinya
kebutuhan pokok dan jaminan keamanan untuk para warga miskin, juga secara tidak
langsung mematikan sumber pemasukan warga. Bahkan di sisi lain rakyat miskin
masih terbebani oleh pajak negara.</span>DESI S.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02705918449366560605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8071749939135495467.post-21094161002953991992012-07-12T09:02:00.000+07:002012-10-01T09:02:51.210+07:00indikator kemiskinan<br />
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<span style="color: black;">Untuk menuju solusi kemiskinan penting bagi kita untuk
menelusuri secara detail indikator-indikator kemiskinan tersebut.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">Adapun indikator-indikator kemiskinan sebagaimana di kutip
dari Badan Pusat Statistika, antara lain sebagi berikut: </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">1. Ketidakmampuan memenuhi kebutuhan konsumsi dasar
(sandang, pangan dan papan).</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">2. Tidak adanya akses terhadap kebutuhan hidup dasar
lainnya (kesehatan, pendidikan, sanitasi, air bersih dan transportasi).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black;">3. Tidak adanya jaminan masa depan (karena tiadanya
investasi untuk pendidikan dan keluarga).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black;">4. Kerentanan terhadap goncangan yang bersifat individual
maupun massa.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">5. Rendahnya kualitas sumber daya manusia dan terbatasnya
sumber daya alam.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">6. Kurangnya apresiasi dalam kegiatan sosial masyarakat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black;">7. Tidak adanya akses dalam lapangan kerja dan mata
pencaharian yang berkesinambungan.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">8. Ketidakmampuan untuk berusaha karena cacat fisik maupun
mental.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal;">9. Ketidakmampuan dan ketidaktergantungan sosial
(anak-anak terlantar, wanita korban kekerasan rumah tangga, janda miskin,
kelompok marginal dan terpencil).</span></div>
DESI S.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02705918449366560605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8071749939135495467.post-49845397125404165022012-07-11T08:56:00.000+07:002012-10-01T08:56:51.715+07:00Keprofesionalan Guru<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Profesionalisme
berakar pada kata profesi yang berarti pekerjaan yang dilandasi pendidikan
keahlian, profesionalisme itu sendiri dapat berarti mutu, kualitas, dan tindak
tanduk yang merupakan ciri suatu profesi atau orang yang profesional.
Profesionalisme guru dapat berarti guru yang profesional.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menurut Sanusi, et.al dalam Sujipto
(1994:17) bahwa ciri-ciri utama suatu profesi itu sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">a) Suatu jabatan yang memiliki fungsi dan
signifikansi sosoial yang menentukan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(crusial).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b) Jabatan yang
menuntut keterampilan/keahlian tertentu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c)
Keterampilan/keahlian yang dituntut jabatan itu didapat melalui pemecahan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>masalah dengan menggunakan teori dan metode
ilmiah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d)
Jabatan itu berdasarkan pada batang tubuh disiplin ilmu yang jelas, sistematik,
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>eksplisit yang bukan hanya
sekedar pendapat khalayak umum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e)
Jabatan itu memerlukan pendidikan tingkat perguruan tinggi dengan waktu yang <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>cukup lama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-language: IN;">f) Proses
pendidikan untuk jabatan itu juga aplikasi dan sosialisasi nilai-nilai <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>profesional itu sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-language: IN;">g) Dalam
memberikan layanan kepada masyarakat anggota profesi itu berpegang <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>teguh
pada kode etik yang timbul yang dikontrol oleh organisasi profesi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-language: IN;">h) Tiap
anggota profesi mempunyai kebebasan dalam memberikan judgement <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>terhadap permasalahan profesi yang
dihadapinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-language: IN;">i) Dalam
prakteknya melayani masyarakat anggota profesi otonom dan bebas dari <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>campur tangan orang lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-language: IN;">j)
Jabatan ini mempunyai prestise yang tinggi dalam masyarakat dan oleh karenanya <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>memperoleh imbalan yang tinggi pula.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ini
berarti bahwa pekerjaan yang bersifat profesional adalah pekerjaan yang hanya
dapat dilakukan oleh mereka yang khusus dipersiapkan untuk itu dan bukan
pekerjaan yang dilakukan oleh mereka yang karena tidak dapat memperoleh
pekerjaan yang lain.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dengan bertitik tolak dari
pengertian ini, maka guru profesional adalah orang yang memiliki keahlian
khusus dalam bidang keguruan sehingga mampu melaksanakan tugas-tugasnya dengan
maksimal atau dengan kata lain guru profesional adalah orang yang terdidik dan
terlatih dengan baik serta memiliki pengalaman yang kaya dibidangnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perihal teori tentang guru
profesional telah banyak dikemukakan oleh para pakar manajemen pendidikan,
seperti Rice & Bishoporik dalam Bafadal (2003:5) dan Glickman dalam Bafadal
(2003:5) guru profesional adalah guru yang mampu mengelola dirinya
sendiri dalam melaksanakan tugas-tugasnya. Profesionalisasi guru oleh kedua
pasangan tersebut dipandang sebagi sebuah proses gerak yang dinamis dari
ketidaktahuan (<i>ignorance</i>) menjadi tahu, dari ketidakmatangan (<i>immaturity</i>)
menjadi matang, dari diarahkan (<i>other-directedness</i>) menjadi
mengarahkan diri sendiri. Peningkatan mutu yang berbasis sekolah (MPMBS)
mensyaratkan adanya guru-guru yang memilki pengetahuan yang luas, kematangan,
dan mampu menggerakkan dirinya sendiri dalam rangka meningkatkan mutu
pendidikan. Oleh karena itu perlunya dilakukan peningkatan mutu profesi seorang
guru baik secara formal maupun secara informal. Peningkatan secara formal
merupakan peningkatan mutu melalui pendidikan dalam berbagai kursus, sekolah,
maupun kuliah di perguruan tinggi atau lembaga lain yang berhubungan dengan
bidang profesinya. Disamping itu, secara formal guru dapat saja meningkatkan
mutu profesinya dengan mendapatkan informasi dari media <st1:city w:st="on">massa</st1:city>
(<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">surat</st1:city></st1:place> kabar,
majalah, radio, televisi dan lain-lain) atu dari buku-buku yang sesuai dengan
bidang profesi yang bersangkutan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sedangkan Glickman dalam Bafadal
(2003: 5) menegaskan bahwa seorang akan bekerja secara profesional bilamana
orang tersebut memiliki kemampuan (<i>ability</i>) dan motivasi (<i>motivation</i>).
Maksudnya adalah seseorang akan bekerja secara profesional bilamana memiliki
kemampuan kerja yang tinggi dan kesungguhan hati untuk mengerjakan dengan
sebaik-baiknya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lebih lanjut menurut Glickman,
seorang guru profesional bilamana memiliki kemampuan tinggi (<i>high level of
abstract</i>) dan motivasi kerja tinggi (<i>high level commitment</i>) komitmen
lebih luas dari <i>concern</i> sebab komitmen itu mencakup waktu dan usaha.
Tingkat komitmen guru terbentang dalam satu garis kontinum, bergerak dari yang
paling rendah ketempat yang paling tinggi. Guru yang memiliki komitmen rendah
biasanya kurang memberikan perhatian kepada murid, demikian pula waktu dan
tenaga yang dikeluarkan untuk meningkatkan mutu pendidikan pun sedikit.
Sebaliknya, seorang guru yang memiliki komitmen yang tinggi biasanya tinggi
sekali perhatian terhadap murid, demikian pula waktu yang disediakan untuk
peningkatan mutu pendidikan pun lebih banyak. Sedangkan tingkat abstraksi yang
dimaksudkan disini adalah kemampuan guru dalam mengelola pembelajaran,
mengklarifikasi masalah-masalah pembelajaran, dan menentukan alternatif
pemecahannya. Menurut Glickman dalam Bafadal (2003:5) guru yang memiliki
abstraksi yang tinggi adalah guru yang mampu mengelola tugas, menemukan
berbagai permasalahan dalam tugas, dan mampu secara mandiri memecahkannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Guru yang profesional bukan hanya
sekadar alat untuk transmisi kebudayaan tetapi mentransformasikan
kebudayaan itu kearah budaya yang dinamis yang menuntut penguasaan ilmu
pengetahuan, produktivitas yang tinggi, dan kualitas karya yang bersaing. Tugas
seorang guru profesional meliputi tiga bidang utama: 1) dalam bidang profesi,
2) dalam bidang kemanusiaan, 3) dalam bidang kemasyarakatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam
bidang profesi, seorang guru profesional berfungsi untuk mengajar, mendidik,
melatih, dan melaksanakan penelitian masalah-masalah pendidikan. Dalam
bidang kemanusiaan, guru profesional berfungsi sebagai pengganti orang tua
khususnya didalam bidang peningkatan kemampuan intelektual peserta didik. Guru
profesional menjadi fasilitator untuk membantu peserta didik mentransformasikan
potensi yang dimiliki peserta didik menjadi kemampuan serta keterampilan yang
berkembang dan bermanfaat bagi kemanusiaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adapun
10 kompetensi profesional guru yang dikutip Samana<i> </i>(1994) adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Guru dituntut mengusai
bahan ajar, meliputi bahan ajar wajib, bahan ajar pengayaan, dan bahan
ajar penunjang untuk keperluan pengajarannya.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Guru mampu mengelola
program belajar mengajar meliputi : <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Merumuskan
tujuan instruksional.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengenal dan dapat menggunakan metode
pengajaran.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memilih dan menyusun prosedur instruksional yang
tepat.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Melaksanakan
program belajar mengajar.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengenal
kemampuan anak didik.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Merencanakan
dan melaksanakan pengajaran.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Guru mampu mengelola
kelas antara lain mengatur tata ruang kelas untuk pengajaran dan
menciptakan iklim mengajar yang serasi sehingga Proses Belajar Mengajar
berlangsung secara maksimal.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Guru mampu mengunakan
media dan sumber pengajaran untuk itu diharapkan mempunyai : <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengenal,
memilih dan menggunakan media.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Membuat alat
bantu pengajaran sederhana.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menggunakan dan mengelola laboratorium dalam
Proses Belajar Mengajar.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengembangkan
laboratorium.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menggunakan perpustakaan dalam Proses Belajar Mengajar.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menggunakan
mikro teaching dalam PPL.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Guru menghargai landasan-landasan pendidikan. Landasan pendidikan
adalah sejumlah ilmu yang mendasari asas-asas dan kebijakan pendidikan
baik di dalam sekolah maupun di luar sekolah.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Guru mampu mengelola interaksi belajar mengajar. Dalam pengajaran guru
dituntut cakap termasuk penggunaan alat pengajaran, media pengajaran dan
sumber pengajaran agar siswa giat belajar bagi dirinya.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Guru mampu menilai
prestasi siswa untuk kepentingan pengajaran.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Guru mengenal fungsi serta program pelayanan bimbingan dan penyuluhan.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Guru mengenal dan menyelenggarakan administrasi sekolah.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memahami prinsip-prinsip
dan menafsirkan hasil penelitian pendidikan guna keperluan pengajaran.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berkaitan dengan itu Sahabuddin
(1993:6) mengemukakan bahwa seorang guru profesional harus mempunyai empat
gugus kemampuan yaitu: (a) merencanakan program belajar mengajar, (b)
melaksanakan dan memimpin Proses Belajar Mengajar, (c) menilai kemajuan Proses
Belajar Mengajar dan (d) memanfaatkan hasil penilaian kemajuan belajar mengajar
dan informasi lainnya dalam penyempurnaan Proses Belajar Mengajar. Sedangkan
dalam UU No. 14 Tahun 2005 Tentang Guru dan Dosen pada pasal 10 ayat 1
disebutkan bahwa kompetensi guru meliputi : kompetensi pedagogik, kompetensi kepribadian,
kompetensi sosial, dan kompetensi profesional yang diperoleh dari pendidikan
profesi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Didalam bidang kemasyarakatan,
profesi guru berfungsi untuk memenuhi amanat dalam pembukaan UUD 1945 yaitu
ikut serta dalam mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa sesuai dengan diferensiasi tugas
dari suatu masyarakat modern, sudah tentu tugas pokok utama dari guru
profesional ialah didalam bidang profesinya tanpa melupakan tugas-tugas
kemanusiaan dan kemasyarakatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Untuk mencapai suatu profesionalisme
bukanlah hal yang mudah, tapi harus melalui suatu pendidikan dan latihan yang
relevan dengan profesi yang ditekuni. Profesionalitas sangat diperlukan di era
global, jika tidak maka kita akan tergilas oleh arus dan pada akhirnya
tersisih.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Demikian
pula halnya dengan guru, sebuah profesi yang tak kalah mulianya dibanding
profesi yang lain, bahkan dari profesi inilah lahir generasi-generasi yang
diharapkan menjadi penentu masa depan. Guru adalah aset nasional intelektual
bangsa dalam pelaksanaan pendidikan yang mempersiapkan pengembangan potensi
peserta didik dalam rangka melahirkan sumber daya manusia yang mampu, cerdas,
terampil dan menguasai IPTEK serta berakhlak mulia guna menunjang peran serta
dalam pembangunan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Untuk mencapai pendidikan yang
berkualitas tidaklah semudah membalik telapak tangan, banyak masalah yang
dihadapi dalam Proses Belajar Mengajar, diantaranya keterbatasan sumber
belajar, keterbatasan penguasaan pengetahuan untuk menyesuaikan diri
dengan perubahan dalam kemajuan pendidikan, cara menyampaikan materi pelajaran,
cara membantu anak agar belajar lebih baik, cara membuat dan memakai alat
peraga, peningkatan hasil belajar anak dan pelaksanaan berbagai perubahan
kebijakan yang berhubungan dengan tugasnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Untuk menjawab permasalahan tersebut
perlu diciptakan suatu sistem pembinaan profesional bagi guru yang berfungsi
memberi bantuan kepada guru agar mereka dapat meningkatkan profesionalnya
dengan berupaya menyelesaikan masalah yang hadapinya. Menurut Shapero dalam
Bafadal (2003:10) menegaskan bahwa untuk memiliki pegawai yang profesional
dapat ditempuh dengan menjawab 2 pertanyaan pokok yaitu bagaimana mendapatkan
guru profesional dan bagaimana memberdayakan guru sehingga mandiri dalam
meningkatkan mutu pendidikan. Kegiatan-kegiatan esensial untuk meningkatkan
profesionalisme guru dalam peningkatan mutu pendidikan yaitu: 1) rekrutmen guru
mulai dari perencanaan guru, seleksi guru dan pengangkatan guru, 2) peningkatan
kemampuan guru, 3) peningkatan motivasi kerja guru, 4) pengawasan kinerja guru.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pemerintah sudah menunjukkan
perhatian serius terhadap guru dengan berupaya meningkatkan anggaran pendidikan
dan membuat produk hukum yang mengatur tentang guru yaitu Undang-undang Guru.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam undang-undang ini, sudah
diatur mulai dari ketentuan umum kedudukan fungsi dan tujuan, prinsip
profesionalitas guru, kualifikasi kompetensi dan sertifikasi, hak dan kewajiban
serta sanksi. Guru mempunyai kedudukan sebagai tenaga profesional pada jenjang
pendidikan dasar, menengah, dan usia dini pada jalur pendidikan formal yang
diangkat sesuai dengan aturan perundang-undangan. Guru berfungsi untuk
meningkatkan martabat sebagai agen pembelajaran, pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan
teknologi dan seni. Serta pengabdian pada masyarakat berfungsi meningkatkan
mutu pendidikan nasional.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Profesi guru merupakan bidang
pekerjaan khusus yang dilaksanakan berdasarkan prinsip memiliki bakat minat,
panggilan jiwa dan idealisme, memiliki komitmen untuk meningkatkan mutu
pendidikan, keimanan, ketakwaan dan akhlak mulia. </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memiliki kualifikasi
akademik dan latar belakang pendidikan sesuai dengan bidang tugas. Memiliki
tanggung jawab atas pelaksanaan tugas keprofesionalan, memperoleh penghasilan
sesuai prestasi kerja. Memiliki kesempatan untuk mengembangkan keprofesionalan
berkelanjutan dengan belajar sepanjang hayat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Memiliki
jaminan perlindungan hukum dalam melaksanakan tugas keprofesionalan dan
memiliki organisasi profesi yang mempunyai kewenangan mengatur hal-hak yang
berkaitan dengan keprofesionalan guru.</span>DESI S.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02705918449366560605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8071749939135495467.post-84790581535762580662012-07-10T19:00:00.000+07:002012-09-29T19:02:20.679+07:00Kota Romantis<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;"><strong>1. Copenhagen, Denmark</strong></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;">Romantis yang eksklusif. Sinar temaram dari lampu-lampu sepanjang jalanan Copenhagen akan membawa Anda dan pasangan ke dalam suasana yang syahdu. Kastil-kastil seperti Amalienborg Palace atau Ronsenborg Castle and King's Garden, adalah dua tempat yang wajib Anda kunjungi. Di pelataran kastilnya, mungkin Anda tak akan sadar ketika mulai berpegangan tangan lalu berciuman di bawah pohon rindang.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;">Udara di kota ini cukup menggigit, terutama di musim dingin. Hangatkan diri Anda dan pasangan dengan mengunjungi Thorvaldsen Museum, tempat patung Cupid dan Psyche yang terkenal itu berada. Setelah itu, makan malam romantis tentu menjadi penutup hari Valentine yang indah. Beberapa restoran di Copenhagen menyajikan panorama kota yang memukau mata.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;"><strong>2. Buenos Aires, Argentina</strong></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;">Buenos Aires tak sekadar identik dengan kota Latin. Hawanya cukup hangat dan jalanan kotanya sangat apik. Di beberapa jalan kota, Anda bisa menyaksikan warga lokal memeragakan tarian Tango yang sensual. Tak hanya soal tarian, Buenos Aires juga menawarkan beberapa restoran dengan masakan fusion terbaik di dunia.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;">Ajaklah pasangan mengunjungi Rose Garden di Palermo, dan berposelah di bawah gerbang lengkung yang terbuat dari bunga mawar. Jembatan yang ada di tempat ini adalah lokasi tepat untuk menyatakan cinta, atau melontarkan pertanyaan seperti "Would you marry me?"</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;"><strong>3. Marrakech, Maroko</strong></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;">Jika Anda langsung teringat akan hiruk pikuk kota Marrakech, buang jauh-jauh pikiran Anda. Kota ini bisa menjadi tujuan berlibur yang tepat jika Anda tinggal di Riad. Riad adalah rumah tradisional Maroko yang ditata cantik, dengan pekarangan bunga di bagian depan atau sampingnya. Beberapa Riad telah diubah menjadi hotel kecil nan cantik.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;">Ketika hari beranjak gelap, bertolaklah ke Jemaa el Fna untuk pengalaman makan malam tak terlupakan. Mungkin jauh dari kata romantis, namun cobalah mencicipi masakan Maroko di pasar malam paling terkenal di dunia ini. Anda bisa juga meminta para musisi lokal untuk bernyanyi di depan pasangan, menyuguhkan lagu-lagu cinta ketika larut malam.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;"><strong>4. Salzburg, Austria</strong></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;">Tempat yang paling tepat untuk sebuah ciuman manis adalah di taman bunga mawar Mirabell Palace. Istana yang dibangun pada abad ke-17 ini memiliki taman yang luas, sangat cocok untuk jalan-jalan santai di sore hari. Meskipun, Anda akan sulit mencari tempat sepi karena banyaknya pasangan yang menghabiskan hari Valentine di sini.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;">Tapi, Anda bisa meresapi kota kelahiran seniman ternama Mozart ini dengan berbagai cara. Salah satunya adalah menyewa kereta kuda untuk berkeliling melihat anggunnya Gunung Monchsberg, Stieglkeller Beer Garden, juga panorama memukau dari jembatan Makartsteg.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;"><strong>5. Budapest, Hungaria</strong></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;">Ibukota Hungaria ini bagaikan permata di Benua Eropa. Anda dan pasangan bisa mengitari Kastil Buda, atau mengunjungi pemandian air panas nan cantik di Szechenyi. Ajaklah pasangan mengunjungi Pulau Margaret, di mana Anda bisa bersepeda mengelilingi taman-taman indah dan reruntuhan bangunan abad pertengahan.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;">Di malam harinya, Sungai Danube memantulkan cahaya temaram dari lampu-lampu di sepanjang jalanannya. Berjalan menyusuri sisi Sungai Danube sambil berpelukan menjadi pilihan untuk menghabiskan malam Anda.</span>DESI S.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02705918449366560605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8071749939135495467.post-9239559858246739282012-07-08T18:34:00.000+07:002012-09-29T18:37:05.501+07:00RPP<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">RPP adalah r</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">ancangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pelaksanaan kegiatan belajar-mengajar yang
akan direalisasikan di dalam kelas dan merupakan penjabaran lebih rinci dari
silabus (penjabaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>skenario
pembelajaran, wujud media, wujud alat penilaian yang sudah siap digunakan)</span><span lang="IN">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br /><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Prinsip Penyusunan RPP</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Memperhatikan perbedaan individu
peserta didik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">RPP disusun dengan memperhatikan perbedaan jenis kelamin, kemampuan
awal, tingkat intelektual, minat, motivasi belajar, bakat, potensi, kemampuan
sosial, emosi, gaya belajar, kebutuhan khusus, kecepatan belajar, latar
belakang budaya, norma, nilai, dan/atau lingkungan peserta didik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 28.35pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Mendorong partisipasi aktif peserta
didik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Proses pembelajaran dirancang dengan berpusat pada peserta didik untuk
mendorong motivasi, minat, kreativitas, inisiatif, inspirasi, kemandirian, dan
semangat belajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 28.35pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 21.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea;"> </span><span lang="IN">Keterkaitan
dan keterpaduan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">RPP disusun dengan memperhatikan keterkaitan dan keterpaduan antara SK,
KD, materi pembelajaran, kegiatan pembelajaran, indikator pencapaian
kompetensi, penilaian, dan sumber belajar dalam satu keutuhan pengalaman
belajar. </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">RPP disusun dengan
mengakomodasikan pembelajaran tematik, keterpaduan lintas mata pelajaran,
lintas aspek belajar, dan keragaman budaya.</span><span lang="IN"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 28.35pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Menerapkan teknologi informasi dan
komunikasi</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">RPP disusun dengan mempertimbangkan
penerapan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi secara terintegrasi, sistematis,
dan efektif sesuai dengan situasi dan kondisi.</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 28.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Komponen
RPP</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Identitas</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Satuan pendidikan</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Mata pelajaran</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Kelas/semester</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Jumlah pertemuan</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Standar
Kompetensi</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">merupakan kualifikasi kemampuan minimal peserta didik
yang menggambarkan penguasaan pengetahuan, sikap, dan keterampilan yang
diharapkan dicapai pada setiap kelas dan/atau semester pada suatu mata
pelajaran.</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kompetensi Dasar</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">adalah sejumlah kemampuan yang harus dikuasai peserta didik dalam mata
pelajaran tertentu sebagai rujukan penyusunan indikator dalam suatu pelajaran.</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Indikator</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">adalah perilaku yang dapat diukur dan/atau diobservasi untuk
menunjukkan ketercapaian kompetensi dasar tertentu yang menjadi acuan penilaian
mata pelajaran. Indikator pencapaian kompetensi dirumuskan dengan menggunakan
kata kerja operasional yang dapat diamati dan diukur, yang mencakup
pengetahuan, sikap, dan keterampilan.</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Materi
Pokok</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">memuat fakta, konsep, prinsip, dan prosedur yang
relevan, dan ditulis dalam bentuk butir-butir sesuai dengan rumusan indikator pencapaian
kompetensi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>6.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Langkah-langkah pembelajaran</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Pendahuluan
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Pendahuluan
merupakan kegiatan awal dalam suatu pertemuan pembelajaran yang ditujukan untuk
membangkitkan motivasi dan memfokuskan perhatian peserta didik untuk
berpartisipasi aktif dalam proses pembelajaran.</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Inti</span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Kegiatan inti
merupakan proses pembelajaran untuk mencapai KD. Kegiatan pembelajaran
dilakukan secara interaktif, inspiratif, menyenangkan, menantang, memotivasi
peserta didik untuk berpartisipasi aktif, serta memberikan ruang yang cukup
bagi prakarsa, kreativitas, dan kemandirian sesuai dengan bakat, minat, dan
perkembangan fisik serta psikologis peserta didik. Kegiatan ini dilakukan
secara sistematis dan sistemik</span><span lang="IN">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 28.35pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Penutup </span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Penutup merupakan
kegiatan yang dilakukan untuk mengakhiri aktivitas pembelajaran yang dapat
dilakukan dalam bentuk rangkuman atau simpulan, penilaian dan refleksi, umpan
balik, dan tindaklanjut.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>7.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Media/sumber/bahan</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Penentuan sumber belajar didasarkan pada standar
kompetensi dan kompetensi dasar, serta materi ajar, kegiatan pembelajaran, dan
indikator pencapaian kompetensi.</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>8.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Penilaian</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Prosedur dan instrumen penilaian proses dan
hasil belajar disesuaikan dengan indikator pencapaian kompetensi dan mengacu
kepada Standar Penilaian.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 28.35pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Langkah-langkah Penyusunan
RPP</span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mencantumkan Identitas RPP</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Terdiri
dari: Nama Sekolah, Mata Pelajaran, Kelas, Semester, dan Alokasi Waktu.</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Alokasi
waktu diperhitungkan untuk pencapaian satu kompetensi dasar, dinyatakan dalam
jam pelajaran dan banyaknya pertemuan (contoh: 2 x 40 menit). Karena itu, waktu
untuk mencapai suatu kompetensi dasar dapat diperhitungkan dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>satu atau beberapa kali pertemuan bergantung
pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kompetensi dasarnya.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menuliskan Standar Kompetensi</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Standar kompetensi dikutip dari silabus</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menuliskan Kompetensi Dasar</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 28.35pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kompetensi dasar dikutip dari silabus</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menuliskan Indikator</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 28.35pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Indikator dikutip dari silabus. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Indikator merupakan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: 14.2pt 28.35pt 42.55pt list 60.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">ciri perilaku (<i>bukti terukur</i>) yang
dapat memberikan gambaran bahwa peserta didik telah mencapai kompetensi dasar </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: 14.2pt 28.35pt 42.55pt list 60.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">penanda pencapaian kompetensi dasar yang
ditandai oleh perubahan perilaku yang dapat diukur yang mencakup sikap,
pengetahuan, dan keterampilan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: 14.2pt 28.35pt 42.55pt list 60.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">dikembangkan sesuai dengan karakteristik
peserta didik, satuan pendidikan, dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>potensi daerah.</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: 14.2pt 28.35pt 42.55pt list 60.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">rumusannya menggunakan kerja operasional
yang terukur dan/atau dapat diobservasi.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">digunakan sebagai dasar untuk menyusun alat
penilaian.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Materi Pokok</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Materi
pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>materi yang digunakan untuk mencapai tujuan
pembelajaran dan indikator. Materi dikutip dari materi pokok yang ada dalam
silabus. Materi pokok tersebut kemudian dikembangkan menjadi beberapa uraian
materi. Untuk memudahkan penetapan uraian materi dapat diacu dari indikator.</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 28.35pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>6. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengembangkan langkah pembelajaran</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Untuk
mencapai suatu kompetensi dasar harus dicantumkan langkah-langkah kegiatan
setiap pertemuan. Pada dasarnya, langkah-langkah kegiatan memuat unsur kegiatan
pendahuluan/pembuka, kegiatan inti, dan kegiatan penutup.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 28.35pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>7. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memilih sumber/bahan dan alat pembelajaran</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: 14.2pt 28.35pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pemilihan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sumber belajar mengacu pada perumusan yang ada dalam silabus yang
dikembangkan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sumber belajar mencakup
sumber rujukan, lingkungan, media, narasumber, alat dan bahan. Sumber belajar
dituliskan secara lebih operasional, dan bisa langsung dinyatakan bahan ajar
apa yang digunakan. Misalnya,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sumber
belajar dalam silabus dituliskan buku referensi, dalam RPP harus dicantumkan
bahan ajar yang sebenarnya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: 14.2pt 28.35pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Jika menggunakan buku, maka harus ditulis judul
buku teks tersebut, pengarang, dan halaman yang diacu.</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Jika menggunakan alat peraga, cantumkan alat
peraga yang digunakan dan cara penggunaannya.</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 28.35pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>8. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penilaian</span></div>
DESI S.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02705918449366560605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8071749939135495467.post-81699004641708208582012-07-07T17:20:00.000+07:002012-09-29T17:21:55.780+07:00Teori belajar Van Hiele<br />
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam belajar
pengajaran geometri terdapat teori belajar yang dikemukakan oleh Van Hiele
(1954), yang menguraikan tahap-tahap perkembangan mental anak dalam belajar
geometri. Van Hiele adalah seorang guru bangsa Belanda yang mengadakan
penelitian dalam pegajaran geometri. Hasil penelitiannya itu, yang dirumuskan
dalam disertasinya, diperoleh dari kegiatan tanya jawab dan pengamatan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut Van
Hiele, tiga unsur utama dalam pengajaran geometri yaitu waktu, materi
pengajaran dan metode pengajaran yang diterapkan, jika ditata secara terpadu
akan dapat meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir anak kepada tingkatan berpikir yang
lebih tinggi.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Van Hiele
menyatakan bahwa terdapat lima tahapan berpikir dalam belajar geometri yaitu;</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.Tahap Pengenalan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam tahap ini anak mulai belajar
mengenali suatu bentuk geometri secara keseluruhan, namun belum mampu
mengetahui adanya sifat-sifat dari bentuk geometri yang dilihatnya itu. Sebagai
contoh jika kepada seorang anak diperlihatkan sebuah kubus, ia belum mengetahui
sifat-sifat atau keteraturan yang dimiliki oleh kubus itu. Ia belum menyadari
bahwa kubus mempunyai sisi-sisi yang berupa bujur sangkar, bahwa sisinya ada 6
buah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.Tahap Analisis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada tahap ini anak sudah mulai dapat
mengenal sifat-sifat yang dimiliki benda geomeri yang diamatinya. Ia sudah
mampu menyebutkan keteraturan yang terdapat pada benda geometri tersebut.
Misalnya disaat dia mengamati persegi panjang, ia telah mengetahui bahwa
terdapat dua pasang sisi yang berhadapan, dan kedua pasang sisi tersebut saling
sejajar. Dalam tahap ini anak belum mampu mengetahui hubungan yang terkait antara
suatu benda geometri dengan benda geometri lainnya. Misalnya, anak belum
mengetahui bahwa bujur sangkar adalah persegi panjang, bahwa bujur sangkar
adalah belah ketupat dan sebagainya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.Tahap Pengurutan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada tahap ini anak telah mampu
melaksanakan penarikan kesimpulan, yang dikenal dengan sebutan berpikir
deduktif, namun kemapuan ini belum berkembang secara penuh. Pada tahap ini anak
telah mulai mampu mengurutkan. Misalnya ia sudah mulai mengenali bahwa bujur
sangkar adalah jajargenjang, bahwa belah ketupat adalah layang-layang. Demikian
pula dalam pengenalan benda-benda ruang, anak-anak memahami bahwa kubus adalah
balok juga, dengan keistimewaannya, yaitu bahwa semua sisinya berbentuk
bujursangkar. Pola pikir anak pada tahap ini masih belum mampu menerangkan
mengapa diagonal suatu persegi panjang itu sama panjang. Anak mungkin belum
memahami bahwa belah ketupat dapat dibentuk dari dua segitiga yang kongruen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.Tahap Deduksi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam tahap ini anak sudah mampu
menarik kesimpulan secara deduktif, yakni penarikan kesimpulan dari hal-hal
yang umum menuju hal-hal yang bersifat khusus. Mereka juga telah mengerti
peranan unsur-unsur yang tidak didefinisikan, di samping unsur-unsur yang telah
didefinisiskan. Misalnya anak telah mampu memahami dalil. Selain itu, pada
tahap ini anak telah mampu menggunakan postulat atau aksioma yang digunakan
dalam pembuktian.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Postulat dalam pembuktian segitiga yang
sama dan sebangun, seperti postulat sudut-sudut-sudut, sisi-sisi-sisi atau
sudut-sisi-sudut, dapat dipahaminya, namun belum mengerti mengapa postulat
tersebut benar dan mengapa dapat dijadikan sebagai postulat dalam cara-cara
pebuktian dua segitiga yang sama dan sebangun(kongruen).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.Tahap Akurasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam tahap ini anak telah mulai
menyadari betapa pentingnya ketepatan dari prinsip-prinsip dasar yang melandasi
suatu pembuktian. Misalnya ia mengetahui pentingnya aksioma-aksioma atau
postulat-postulat dari geometri Euclid. Tahap akurasi merupakan tahap berpikir
yang tinggi, rumit dan kompleks. Oleh karena itu tidak mengherankan jika tidak
semua anak, meskipun sudah duduk dibangku sekolah lanjutan atas, masih belum
sampai pada tahap berpikir ini.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
DESI S.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02705918449366560605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8071749939135495467.post-59651964489316067242012-07-06T16:57:00.000+07:002012-09-29T16:59:58.835+07:0021 GUNS - Greenday lyric<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Do
you know what's worth fighting for,<br />
When it's not worth dying for?<br />
Does it take your breath away<br />
And you feel yourself suffocating?<br />
Does the pain weigh out the pride?<br />
And you look for a place to hide?<br />
Did someone break your heart inside?<br />
You're in ruins.<br />
<br />
One, 21 guns<br />
Lay down your arms<br />
Give up the fight<br />
One, 21 guns<br />
Throw up your arms into the sky,<br />
You and I<br />
<br />
When you're at the end of the road<br />
And you lost all sense of control<br />
And your thoughts have taken their toll<br />
When your mind breaks the spirit of your soul<br />
Your faith walks on broken glass<br />
And the hangover doesn't pass<br />
Nothing's ever built to last<br />
You're in ruins.<br />
<br />
One, 21 guns<br />
Lay down your arms<br />
Give up the fight<br />
One, 21 guns<br />
Throw up your arms into the sky,<br />
You and I<br />
<br />
Did you try to live on your own<br />
When you burned down the house and home?<br />
Did you stand too close to the fire?<br />
Like a liar looking for forgiveness from a stone<br />
<br />
When it's time to live and let die<br />
And you can't get another try<br />
Something inside this heart has died<br />
You're in ruins.<br />
<br />
One, 21 guns<br />
Lay down your arms<br />
Give up the fight<br />
One, 21 guns<br />
Throw up your arms into the sky (x2)<br />
<br />
You and I.</span>DESI S.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02705918449366560605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8071749939135495467.post-86310462867270419642012-07-05T11:19:00.000+07:002012-09-29T16:51:17.301+07:00Sakit Gigi dan Obatnya<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #424242; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;">Sakit gigi merupakan penyakit yang menyebalkan. Karena penyakit ini terkadang membuat seseorang seperti ingin mati saja atau bisa bikin pikiran jadi gila gara-gara terkena sakit gigi.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #424242; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #424242; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #424242; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;">Sakit gigi ini bisa membuat aktivitas jadi terganggu. Karena Gigi sakit, kepala pun seringkali ikut sakit terkena dampak gigi yang sakit tersebut. Ada macam-macam penyebab sakit gigi, bisa karena gigi berlubang, gusi berdarah, gigi patah dan sebagainya.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #424242; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #424242; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #424242; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;">Dari sekian banyak penyebab sakit gigi, ada</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #424242; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #424242; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;">obat sakit gigi yang paling bagus</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #424242; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #424242; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;">yang bisa anda coba jika terkena sakit gigi. Ada tiga jenis obat yang bisa anda minum ketika sakit gigi tersebut menyerang.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #424242; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #424242; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #424242; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;">Yang pertama adalah Amoxicilin, kemudian Paracetamol dan yang ketiga adalah Predinisone (Inflason). Anda bisa beli obat generiknya saja atau beli yang bermerek, tergantung ketebalan kantong anda. Semoga sakit giginya cepat sembuh, karena admin sudah mencoba memakai obat di atas, obat di atas didapat admin dari resep ahli gigi terkenal di sekitar rumah admin. Dua kali admin sakit gigi stadium empat, dua kali pula memakai resep di atas (dosis 3x1), hasilnya sehari langsung sembuh.</span>DESI S.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02705918449366560605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8071749939135495467.post-26188275110826038812012-07-04T11:13:00.000+07:002012-09-29T16:52:33.405+07:00Sakit Gigi dan Obatnya secara Tradisional<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Mengalami sakit gigi adalah hal yang lazim dialami setiap orang. Keadaan Yang seperti ini pastilah sangat menggangu aktivitas kita. misalnya saja, ketika kita sedang mengerjakan sesuatu, tiba-tiba sakit gigi kita kambuh, pastilah kita akan mengerang kesakitan, dsb. Maka dari itu, kami akan membagikan obat sakit gigi Obat sakit gigi yang satu ini bisa dibilang cukup tradisional, mengapa ? karena bahan bahan nya yang herbal (alami) pastinya donk! :) tanpa bnyak cakap mending anda perhatikan tiips bahan alami dibawah ini.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">1. Minyak cengkeh. Gunakan minyak cengkeh pada gigi yang sakit, hal ini membantu meringankan sakit dan menghilang infeksi pada gigi.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">2. Daun jambu biji. Ambil beberapa helai daun jambu biji, kunyah dalam mulut. Sari daun jambu biji dapat membantu mengurangi sakit pada gigi.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">3. Air garam. Campurkan satu sendok makan garam dengan segelas air hangat. Kumur selama 30 detik, air garam dapat membunuh kuman dan meringankan rasa sakit.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">4. Ekstrak Vanili. Gunakan 3-4 tetes ekstrak vanili pada gigi yang sakit untuk menenangkan dan mempercepat penyembuhan.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">5. Bawang putih. Halus bawang putih, lalu letakan pada gigi yang sakit. bawang putih memiliki sifat antibakteri dan anestesi sehingga dapat membantu menyembuhkan sakit gigi</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">6. Jeruk nipis. Vit C dalam jeruk nipis membantu melawan infeksi dan mencegah pembusukan pada gigi. Gigit jeruk nipis pada gigi yang sakit hingga sari jeruknya keluar, jeruk nipis memiliki Vit C lebih tinggi dan kadar keasaman lebih rendah dari pada lemon.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">7. Es. Anda hanya membutuhkan es batu. bungkus beberapa es batu kecil dengan kain halus, letakkan pada bagian gigi yang sakit, hal ini bertujuan untuk mematikan rasa pada bagian yang sakit. ett, masih ada satu lagi yaitu: coba-lah untuk rutin memeriksa gigi anda ke dokter , ya minimal setiap 6 bulan sekali agar terus mendapatkan perawatan. :) semoga informasi obat sakit gigi ini bermanfaat.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>DESI S.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02705918449366560605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8071749939135495467.post-91672263943969436612012-07-03T21:49:00.000+07:002012-09-29T09:14:43.956+07:00Kisah Orang Sukses<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><strong>Jakarta </strong></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">- Pernahkah Anda berharap ingin berhenti dari pekerjaan sekarang dan mewujudkan mimpi Anda? Bisa saja nasib baik berpihak Anda, seperti orang-orang ini. Mereka bisa mendulang sukses setelah meninggalkan pekerjaan yang memberikan mereka gaji tetap.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Kesuksesan setelah berhenti dari pekerjaan kantoran Anda memang bukan jaminan. Namun untuk beberapa orang bisa beruntung setelah mengatakan 'Saya berhenti". Dengan kerja keras dan kebulatan tekad, mereka kini bisa berbalik mendulang sukses.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Berikut kisah sukses orang-orang setelah berhenti dari pekerjaannya. Orang-orang ini bisa mendulang jutaan dolar dan menciptakan kekayaannya sendiri. Berikut 10 orang-orang beruntung itu, seperti dikutip dari</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><em>CNBC,</em></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Rabu (26/1/2012).</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><strong>1. Shep dan Ian Murray, Vineyard Vines</strong></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><img alt="" height="190" src="http://images.detik.com/albums/detikfinance-1/orang-sukses/1.Murray.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="285" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Dua bersaudara, Shep dan Ian Murray ini merasa frustasi dengan pekerjaan mereka di belakang meja pada sebuah perusahaan di Manhattan. Shep Murray sebelumnya adalah seorang Account Executive di sebuah perusahaan periklanan, sementara Ian Murray bekerja di sebuah perusahaan public relation kecil. Pada tahun 1998, Shep Murray mengundurkan diri, disusul saudaranya 10 menit kemudian.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Mereka selanjutnya mengambil tunai dari kartu kredit untuk mulai mendirikan Vineyard Vines, sebuah dasi yang berbasis di Martha's Vineyard. Ide mereka mengambil uang tunai dari kartu kredit sempat dicemooh dan dinilai bodoh.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Pada awalnya, mereka menjual dasi-dasi itu di tas ransel, di pantai, di kapal dan di bar. Mereka menjual habis 800 dasi dalam pekan pertama. Mereka dengan cepat memasannya lagi, membayar utang dan pindah ke kantor pertamanya. Satu dekade kemudian, bisnis mereka kini meliputi seluruh clothing line.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Saat ini ada 18 toko ritel Vineyard Vine di seluruh negara, dan jaringannya dapat ditemukan di hampir 500 toko. Vineyard Vine diperkirakan mampu mencetak penjualan hingga US$ 100 juta pada tahun 2011.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><strong>2. Rick Wetzel dan Bill Phelps, Wetzel's Pretzels</strong></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><img alt="" height="190" src="http://images.detik.com/albums/detikfinance-1/orang-sukses/2.Wetzel.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="285" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Rick Wetzel dan Bill Phelps dulunya sama-sama bekerja di Nestle ketika konsep Wetzel's Pretzels terlahir. Keduanya sedang dalam perjalanan bisnis ketika Wetzel mengatakan kepada Phelps tentang ide istrinya untuk membuat pretzel yang besar dan lembut dan dijual di mal. Malam itu, mereka duduk di bar dan menggambarkan rencana bisnisnya pada sebuah kain serbet.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Wetzel kemudian menjual Harley Davidson miliknya untuk mendanai bisnis yang dijalankannya di waktu senggang itu. Mereka menggandeng partner untuk menciptakan resep di dapur Phelp. Dan ketika waktunya tiba untuk membuka toko, mereka mencoba meyakinkan pemilik mal untuk datang ke rumah mereka dan mencoba kreasinya. Dan ternyata pemilik mal itu menyukai rasanya, sehingga mau menyewakan tempat untuk toko pertama Wetzel's Pretzels.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Itu adalah tahun 1994. Setahun kemudian, Wetzel dan Phelps mendapatkan keberuntungannya ketika mereka mendapatkan beberapa paket penawaran (untuk berhenti) dari Nestle. Mereka membuka lagi beberapa toko sebelum memutuskan untuk mewaralabakannya pada tahun 1995. Saat ini tercatat ada 250 toko Wetzel's Pretzel di seluruh AS, dengan lokasi di Jepang dan India diharapkan dibuka pada tahun ini. Penjualan di seluruh wilayah diperkirakan mencapai US$ 100 juta dengan pertumbuhan penjualan mencapai 9% pada tahun 2011.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><strong>3. Terry Finley, West Point Thoroughbreds</strong></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><img alt="" height="190" src="http://images.detik.com/albums/detikfinance-1/orang-sukses/3.Finley.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="285" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Terry Finley menyelesaikan tugas militernya pada tahun 1990 ketika dia dan istrinya, Debbie kemudian membeli kuda seharga US$ 5.000. Kuda yang diberi nama Sunbelt itu memenangkan pacuan pertamanya dan Finley pun tersangkut.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">"Melakukan apa yang Anda cintai dan membuatnya profesional adalah jauh lebih baik ketimbang hanya sekedar bekerja untuk hidup," jelas Finley.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">West Point Thoroughbreds sekarang membeli 20-25 kuda setiap tahun, membentuk kelompok investor yang dapat meraup laba ketika kuda-kudanya menang, mengembangbiakkan dan menjual. Sejak tahun 2007, kuda-kuda mereka telah memenangkan lebih dari 20% pacuan, sehingga membuat mereka bisa meraup US$ 16 juta. Penjualan tahunan mereka mencapai US$ 7 juta.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><strong>4. Dana Sinkler dan Alex Dzieduszycki, Terra Chips</strong></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><img alt="" height="428" src="http://images.detik.com/albums/detikfinance-1/orang-sukses/4.Terra.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="285" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Dana Sinkler dan Alex Dzieduszycki sebelumnya bekerja untuk chef bintang, Jean-Georges Vongerichten di restoran bintang empatnya, Lafayette di New York. Mereka kemudian memutuskan berhenti dan memulai bisnia ketering pertamanya. Mereka ingin menciptakan sebuah sajian khusus untuk disajikan di bar, namun mereka ingin sesuatu yang berbeda dari elaborasi satu piringan penuh sayuran atau crudité platters, yang populer pada saat itu. Jadi pada tahun 1990, mereka bereksperimen dengan menggoreng sayur-sayuran di dapur apartemen kecil Sinkler.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Dan ternyata keripik sayur-sayuran kreasi mereka 'Terra Chips' menjadi sangat populer dan bisa dijual di toko. Sebuah perusahaan swasta membeli 51% saham mereka pada tahun 1995, dan pada tahun 1998 Hain Celestial membeli Terra Chips sebagai bagian dari kesepakatan senilai US$ 80 juta dengan 3 perusahaan lain. Pada saat itu, ujar Dzieduszycki , Terra Chips memiliki penjualan hingga US$ 23 juta.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Sinkler dan Dzieduszycki telah bergerak ke perusahaan baru. Sinkler kini telah memulai bisnis restoran baru yang disebut Hubee D's, sementara Dzieduszycki memulai Julian's Recipe, yang menjual waffle beku.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><strong>5. Adam Lowry dan Eric Ryan, Method</strong></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><img alt="" height="190" src="http://images.detik.com/albums/detikfinance-1/orang-sukses/5.Method.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="285" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Adam Lowry dulunya bekerja sebagai ilmuwan iklim, sementara Eric Ryan bekerja di bidang periklanan. Keduanya memutuskan untuk berhenti dari pekerjaannya dan mengembangkan bisnis produk pembersih yang ramah lingkungan, Method. Pada saat itu tidak banyak pilihan untuk produk kebersihan yang tidak mengandung unsur-unsur kimia berbahaya. Sehingga dua orang yang berteman baik sejak anak-anak itu mulai melakukan riset dan Lowry bahkan mencampur bahan kimia di bak cuci apartemen mereka.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Mereka juga menarik uang tunai dari kartu kredit, dan menggabungkan dana hingga US$ 200.000 dari keluarga, teman dan memulai Method pada tahun 2000. Method telah menjadi sebuah perusahaan swasta dengan pertumbuhan paling cepat di Amerika dengan produk sekitar 100 mulai dari sabun tangan hingga sabun cuci piring dan pembersih kamar mandi. Pendapatan kotor perusahaan itu diperkirakan mencapai US$ 100 juta.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><strong>6. Rod Johnstone, J/Boats</strong></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><img alt="" height="190" src="http://images.detik.com/albums/detikfinance-1/orang-sukses/6.Johnstone.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="285" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Rod Johnstone berusia 38 tahun dan bekerja sebagai sales untuk publikasi kapal ketika memutuskan untuk berhenti dan mewujudkan mimpi perahu layarnya. Ia semula sangat menikmati, namun kemudian merasa pertumbuhannya tidak cukup cepat. Orang tuanya kemudian mendonasikan kayu yang bernilai beberapa ratus dolar, dan Johnstone kemudian mulai membangun kapal di garasinya. Satu setengah tahun kemudian kapal impiannya rampung dan ia mulai mengikutkannya dalam perlombaan. Didorong oleh kesuksesannya, Johnstone memutuskan untuk berhenti dari pekerjaannya dan mewujudkan impiannya.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Itu adalah tahun 1977. Setelah itu, J/Biats telah membangun lebih dari 13.000 kapal, dari yang kecil hingga kapal pesiar mewah sehingga mendatangkan pendapatan hingga jutaan dolar. Desain awal Johnstone, J/24 kini ada di Sailboat Hall of Fame.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><strong>7. Andy Schamisso, Inko's White Tea</strong></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><img alt="" height="190" src="http://images.detik.com/albums/detikfinance-1/orang-sukses/7.WhiteTea.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="285" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Pada tahun 2002, Andy Schamisso bekerja sebagai public relations namun tidak merasa nyaman. Suatu hari, ketika istrinya tidak dapat menemukan teh putih yang jarang untuk es tehnya, Schamisso menemukan panggilannya. Ketika sedang mencarinya di internet, ia menemukan keuntungan keseatan dan memutuskan membawa resep istrinya ke orang lain.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Jadi setelah 13 tahun di perusahaan PR, Schamisso memutuskan untuk berhenti bekerja dan memulai Inko’s White Tea, yang dinamakan seperti anjingnya. Setelah mendapatkan cukup uang untuk membuat 6.000 kotak, Schamisso pergi ke jalanan di New York untuk menjual produknya. Setahun kemudian, order sudah beruba dari kardus-kardus ke truk-truk. Saat ini ada 14 jenis Inko’s White Tea di pasar. Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, penjualan tahunan perusahaan mencapai US$ 3 juta.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><strong>8. Kim dan Beaver Raymond, Marshmallow Fun Company</strong></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><img alt="" height="190" src="http://images.detik.com/albums/detikfinance-1/orang-sukses/8.Marshmallow.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="285" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Kim dan Beaver Raymond, keduanya sama-sama mengatakan "Saya Berhenti" setelah mainan yang semula mereka ciptakan untuk anak-anak mereka berubah menjadi mainan yang sangat hits. Dua bersaudara itu sebelumnya sama-sama bekerja di industri fesyen. Pada tahun 2002, mereka membuat mainan tembakan dari pipa PVC untuk pesta ulang tahun anak mereka. Dipicu oleh kesuksesan pertempuran makanan yang mereka saksikan, pasangan itu dan beberapa temannya kemudian menggambarkan bagaimana membangun dan memasarkan mainan baru tersebut.. dan Marshmallow Fun Company terlahir.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Pada tahun 2010, Marshmallow Fun Company menjual lebih dari 7 juta tembakan mainan anak-anak.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><strong>9. Rocky Patel, Rocky Patel Cigars</strong></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><img alt="" height="190" src="http://images.detik.com/albums/detikfinance-1/orang-sukses/9.Patel.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="285" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Rocky Patel merupakan pengacara entertainment Hollywood, sebelum akhirnya sukses mengembangkan bisnis cerutu. Setelah didekati untuk kemungkinan memroduksi brand cerutunya sendiri, Patel memutuskan untuk mengubah kecintaannya menjadi sebuah karir. Padahal teman-teman dan koleganya telah mengingatkan dia yang akan meninggalkan praktik hukumnya untuk industri yang ia belum ketahui. Namun Patel melihat sebuah kesempatan untuk menciptakan produk yang ia pikir hilang dari pasar. Jadi iapun meninggalkan bisnis hukum dan mulai memroduksi cerutu pada tahun 1996, mengubah rumahnya di California menjadi kotak tembakau.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Setelah awal yang sangat sulit, Patel memutuskan untuk memindahkan bisnisnya ke Florida dimana sebagian besar perusahaan cerutu AS berada. Ia mendapat sukses besar pada tahun 2003 dengan Rocky Patel Vintage Series yang mendapatkan peringkat tinggi dan pujian.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Rocky Patel Cigars saat ini memroduksi 200.000 cerutu setiap tahunnya, dengan penjualan lebih dari US$ 40 juta pada tahun 2011.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><strong>10. Paul English, Kayak</strong></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><img alt="" height="190" src="http://images.detik.com/albums/detikfinance-1/orang-sukses/10.Kayak.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="285" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Paul English bekerja di sebuah perusahaan modal, Greylock pada tahun 2004 ketika Steve Hafner yang mendirikan Orbitz mengungkapkan ide untuk membuat perusahaan perjalanan yang berbeda. Setelah melakukan pertemuan selama 1 jam dan 3 gelas minuman, English dan Hafner membentuk Kayak, sebuah mesin pencari perjalanan online. English pun berhenti dari pekerjaannya di Greylock dan mulai menjadi chief technology officer untuk website baru itu.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Kayak menjadi tempat pencarian ratusan situs perjalanan yang lengkap karena ada tarif pesawat, hotel, sewa mobil dan kini berada di peringkat 1 untuk pasar tersebut. Kayak juga menyampaikan dokumen untuk IPO pada tahun 2010, meski hingga kini belum juga dilakukan. Perusahaan tersebut dilaporkan meraup pendapatan hingga US$ 170,6 juta pada 9 bulan pertama di 2011. Kayak memproses 670 juta pengguna informasi perjalanan dan memiliki 5 juta download aplikasi mobile pada periode tersebut.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span>DESI S.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02705918449366560605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8071749939135495467.post-33677419692914288182012-07-02T09:03:00.000+07:002012-09-29T09:13:37.184+07:00AN ANALYSIS OF PARTS OF SPEECH, CONTENT AND FUNCTION WORDS AND PHRASE<br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The parts
of speech are categories used to organize or classify words according to how
they are used. We use parts of speech as a way to make it easier to talk about
language.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> We
usually use eight categories of parts of speech to classify all the words we
use in English. This classification is not perfect. Sometimes it is hard to
tell which category a word belongs in. the same word may belong in different
categories depending on how it is used. there may be better ways to classify
English than by using the eight parts of speech. But this classification has
been used foa a long time and many grammar books use it, so it is easier to
keep on using it. It is possible to speak or learn a language without knowing
the parts of speech, but for most of us, knowing about parts of speech makes
things easier.<span class="msoIns"><ins> </ins></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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The eight parts of speech that are used to
describe English words are :<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nouns</b> </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">From
Internet</b><br />
A <i>noun</i> is often defined as <i>a word which names a person, place or
thing</i>. Here are some examples of <i>nouns</i>: boy, river, friend,
Mexico, triangle, day, school, truth, university, idea, John F. Kennedy, movie,
aunt, vacation, eye, dream, flag, teacher, class, grammar. John F. Kennedy is a
noun because it is the name of a person; Mexico is a noun because it is the
name of a place; and boy is a noun because it is the name of a thing. </div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Some grammar books divide <i>nouns</i> into 2 groups
- <i>proper nouns</i> and <i>common nouns</i>. <i>Proper nouns</i> are
nouns which begin with a capital letter because it is the name of a specific or
particular person place or thing. Some examples of <i>proper nouns</i>
are: Mexico, John F. Kennedy, Atlantic Ocean, February, Monday, New York City,
Susan, Maple Street, Burger King. If you see a word beginning with a capital
letter in in the middle of a sentence, it is probably a <i>proper noun</i>.
Most nouns are <i>common nouns</i> and do not begin with a capital letter.</span><span style="color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Many <i>nouns</i> have a special <i>plural</i> form if there is more than
one. For example, we say one book but two books. <i>Plurals</i> are
usually formed by adding an -s (books) or -es (boxes) but some <i>plurals</i>
are formed in different ways (child - children, person - people, mouse - mice,
sheep - sheep).</span><span style="color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">From Literatur<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black;">A <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8071749939135495467" name="noun"><strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">noun</span></strong></a>
is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea. Nouns
are usually the first words which small children learn. The <strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">highlighted</span></strong>
words in the following <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/subjpred.html#sentence"><span style="color: black;">sentences</span></a> are all nouns:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">Late last
<strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">year</span></strong>
our <strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">neighbours</span></strong>
bought a <strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">goat</span></strong>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Portia White</span></strong><span style="color: black;"> was an <strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">opera singer</span></strong>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">The <strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">bus inspector</span></strong>
looked at all the <strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">passengers' passes</span></strong>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">According
to <strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Plutarch</span></strong>,
the <strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">library</span></strong>
at <strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Alexandria</span></strong>
was destroyed in 48 B.C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Philosophy</span></strong><span style="color: black;"> is of little <strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">comfort</span></strong> to the <strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">starving</span></strong>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in;">
A noun can function in a sentence as a <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/subjpred.html#subject"><span style="color: black;">subject</span></a>, a <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/objcompl.html#direct%20object"><span style="color: black;">direct object</span></a>, an <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/objcompl.html#indirect%20object"><span style="color: black;">indirect object</span></a>, a <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/objcompl.html#subject%20complement"><span style="color: black;">subject complement</span></a>, an <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/objcompl.html#object%20complement"><span style="color: black;">object complement</span></a>, an <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/apposit.html#appositives"><span style="color: black;">appositive</span></a>, an <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/adjectve.html#adjective"><span style="color: black;">adjective</span></a> or an <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/adverbs.html#adverb"><span style="color: black;">adverb</span></a>.<span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">My opinion as follows:</span></b><span style="color: black;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">NOUN:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
These name persons, things, places, ideas -- can be concrete or abstract. <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">EX: Stephanie, door, biology, honor.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. Verbs</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
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<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A <i>verb</i> is often defined as <i>a
word which shows action or state of being</i>. The <i>verb</i> is the heart of
a sentence - every sentence must have a <i>verb</i>. Recognizing the <i>verb</i>
is often the most important step in understanding the meaning of a sentence. In
the sentence The dog bit the man, bit is the <i>verb</i> and the word which
shows the action of the sentence. In the sentence The man is sitting on a
chair, even though the action doesn't show much activity, sitting is the <i>verb</i>
of the sentence. In the sentence She is a smart girl, there is no action
but a state of being expressed by the verb is. The word be is different from
other <i>verbs</i> in many ways but can still be thought of as a <i>verb</i>.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Unlike most of the other parts of speech,
<i>verbs</i> change their form. Sometimes endings are added (learn -
learned) and sometimes the word itself becomes different (teach-taught).
The different forms of <i>verbs</i> show different meanings related to such
things as tense (past, present, future), person (first person, second person,
third person), number (singular, plural) and voice (active, passive). <i>Verbs</i>
are also often accompanied by verb-like words called modals (may, could,
should, etc.) and auxiliaries(do, have, will, etc.) to give them different
meanings.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One of the most important things about <i>verbs</i>
is their relationship to time. <i>Verbs</i> tell if something has already
happened, if it will happen later, or if it is happening now. For things
happening now, we use the present tense of a verb; for something that has
already happened, we use the past tense; and for something that will happen
later, we use the future tense. Some examples of <i>verbs</i> in each
tense are in the chart below:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Present</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Past</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Future</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</tr>
<tr style="height: 18.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="height: 18.1pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 27.26%;" width="27%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">look</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 18.1pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Looked</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 18.1pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">will look</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="height: 18.75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 27.26%;" width="27%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">move</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 18.75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Moved</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 18.75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">will move</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="height: 18.75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 27.26%;" width="27%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Talk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 18.75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Talked</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 18.75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">will talk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Verbs</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> like those in the
chart above that form the past tense by adding -d or -ed are called <i>regular
verbs</i>. Some of the most common <i>verbs</i> are not regular and the
different forms of the <i>verb</i> must be learned. Some examples of such
<i>irregular verbs</i> are in the chart below:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Present</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Past</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Future</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">See</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saw</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">will see</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hear</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Heard</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">will hear</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Speak</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Spoke</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">will speak</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The charts above show the <i>simple
tenses</i> of the <i>verbs</i>. There are also <i>progressive</i> or <i>continuous</i>
forms which show that the action takes place over a period of time, and <i>perfect</i>
forms which show completion of the action. These forms will be discussed
more in other lessons, but a few examples are given in the chart below:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 90%px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 50.82%;" width="50%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Present Continuous</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Present Perfect</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 50.82%;" width="50%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">is looking</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">has looked</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 50.82%;" width="50%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">is speaking</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">has spoken</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 50.82%;" width="50%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">is talking</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">has talked</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Simple present tense verbs</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> have a special form for the <i>third person singular</i>. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A <i>verb</i> must "agree"
with its <i>subject</i>. <i>Subject-verb agreement</i> generally means
that the <i>third person singular verb </i>form must be used with a <i>third
person subject</i> in the simple present tense. The word be - the most
irregular and also most common <i>verb</i> in English - has different forms for
each person and even for the simple past tense. The forms of the word be
are given in the chart below:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 90%px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 10.74%;" width="10%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Number</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Person</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Present</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Past</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Future</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td rowspan="3" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 10.74%;" width="10%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Singular</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1st (I)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">am</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">was</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">will be</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2nd (you)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">are</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">were</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">will be</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3rd (he, she, it)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">is</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">was</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">will be</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td rowspan="3" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 10.74%;" width="10%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plural</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1st (we)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">are</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">were</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">will be</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2nd (you)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">are</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">were</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">will be</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3rd (they)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">are</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">were</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">will be</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Usually a <i>subject</i> comes before a <i>verb</i>
and an <i>object</i> may come after it. hat does the action of the <i>verb</i>
and the <i>object</i> is what receives the action. In the sentence Bob
ate a humburger, Bob is the <i>subject </i>or the one who did the eating and
the hamburger is the <i>object</i> or what got eaten. A <i>verb</i> which
has an <i>object</i> is called a <i>transitive verb</i> and some examples are
throw, buy, hit, love. A <i>verb</i> which has no <i>object</i> is called
an <i>intransitive verb</i> and some examples are go, come, walk, listen.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As you can see in the charts above, <i>verbs</i>
are often made up of more than one word. The future forms, for example, use the
word will and the perfect forms use the word have. These words are called
<i>helping </i>or<i> auxiliary verbs</i>. The word be can serve as an <i>auxiliary</i>
and will and shall are also <i>auxiliary</i> forms. The chart below shows two
other verbs which can also be used as <i>auxiliaries</i>:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <br />
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 90%px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 15.48%;" width="15%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Number</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Person</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Present</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Past</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td rowspan="3" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 15.48%;" width="15%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Singular</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1st (I)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">have</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">do</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">had</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">did</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2nd (you)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">have</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">do</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">had</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">did</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3rd (he, she, it)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">has</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">does</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">had</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">did</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td rowspan="3" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 15.48%;" width="15%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plural</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1st (we)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">have</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">do</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">had</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">did</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2nd (you)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">have</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">do</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">had</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">did</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3rd (they)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">have</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">do</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">had</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">did</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">`There
is a type of <i>auxiliary verb</i> called a <i>modal</i> which changes the
meaning of a <i>verb</i> in different ways. Words like can, should,
would, may, might, and must are <i>modals </i>and are covered in other lessons</span>.</div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">From
Literatur</b></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;">The verb is perhaps the
most important part of the <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/subjpred.html#sentence"><span style="color: black;">sentence</span></a>. A <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8071749939135495467" name="verb"><strong>verb</strong></a>
or <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/vbcmpd.html#compound%20verb"><span style="color: black;">compound verb</span></a> asserts something about the <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/subjpred.html#subject"><span style="color: black;">subject</span></a> of the sentence and express actions,
events, or states of being. The verb or compound verb is the critical element
of the <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/subjpred.html#predicate"><span style="color: black;">predicate</span></a> of a sentence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;">In each of the following
sentences, the verb or compound verb is <strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">highlighted</span></strong><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;">Dracula <strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bites</span></strong>
his victims on the neck.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;">The verb
"bites" describes the action Dracula takes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;">In early
October, Giselle <strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">will plant</span></strong> twenty tulip bulbs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;">Here the compound verb
"will plant" describes an action that will take place in the future.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;">My first
teacher <strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">was</span></strong> Miss Crawford, but I remember the
janitor Mr. Weatherbee more vividly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;">In this sentence, the
verb "was" (the <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/usetense.html#simple%20past"><span style="color: black;">simple past</span></a> <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/tenses.html#tenses"><span style="color: black;">tense</span></a> of "is") identifies a particular
person and the verb "remembered" describes a mental action.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;">Karl
Creelman bicycled around the world in 1899, but his diaries and his bicycle <strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">were destroyed</span></strong>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;">In this sentence, the
compound verb "were destroyed" describes an action which took place
in the past.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">My opinion as follows:</span></b><span style="color: black;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">VERB:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
These state an action or a state of being. <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">EX: kick, call, create, is, will be. </span>Verbs can be <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">transitive,</span> meaning that they act on
something else, or <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">intransitive,</span>
meaning that they don't. <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">EX:
Transitive: Walter <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">kicked</span> the
football. Intransitive: I <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">was asleep.</span></span>
Verbs can also be <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">linking verbs,</span>
meaning that they connect a subject to a word or group of words which describe
or complete its meaning. <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">EX: The car
was <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">blue and full of bullet holes.</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Adjectives</span><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">From Internet<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">An <i>adjective</i> is often defined as <i>a
word which describes or gives more information about a noun or pronoun</i>.
<i>Adjectives</i>describe nouns in terms of such qualities as size,
color, number, and kind. In the sentence The lazy dog sat on the rug, the
word lazyis an <i>adjective</i> which gives more information about the noun
dog. We can add more <i>adjectives</i> to describe the dogas well
as in the sentence The lazy, old, brown dog sat on the rug. We can also
add <i>adjectives</i> to describe the rug as in the sentence The lazy, old,
brown dog sat on the beautiful, expensive, new rug. The <i>adjectives </i>do
not change the basic meaning or structure of the sentence, but they do give a
lot more information about the dog and the rug. As you can see in the example
above, when more than one adjective is used, a comma (,) is used between the <i>adjectives</i>.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Usually an <i>adjective</i> comes before
the noun that it describes, as in tall man. It can also come after a form of
the word beas in The man is tall. More than one <i>adjective</i> can be
used in this position in the sentence The man is tall, dark and handsome.
In later lessons, you will learn how to make comparisons with <i>adjectives</i>.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Most <i>adjectives</i>do not change form
whether the noun it describes is <i>singular</i> or <i>plural</i>. For
example we saybig tree and big trees, old house and old houses, good time and
good times. There are, however, some <i>adjectives</i> that do have
different <i>singular</i> and<i>plural</i> forms. The common words this
and thathave the <i>plural</i> formsthese andthose. These words are called <i>demonstrative
adjectives</i> because demonstrate or point out what is being referred to.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Another common type of <i>adjective</i>
is the <i>possessive adjective</i> which shows possession or ownership. The
words my dog or my dogs indicate that the dog or dogsbelong to me. I
would use the <i>plural</i> form our if the dog or dogsbelonged to me and other
people. The chart below shows the forms of <i>possessive adjectives</i>.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <br />
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 90%px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 33.84%;" width="33%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Person</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="file:///D:/DESI'S%20FILE/data%20flashdisk/TUGAS%20KULIAH%20SEMESTER%201%20DAN%202/ENGLISH/b.ing/pos4.htm#person"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Singular</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plural</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 33.84%;" width="33%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1<sup>st</sup> Person</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">my</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">our</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 33.84%;" width="33%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2nd Person</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">your</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">your</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 33.84%;" width="33%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3<sup>rd</sup> Person</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">his/her/its</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">their</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo35; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8071749939135495467" name="person"></a><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*<i>Person</i>is used here as a grammar
word and has these meanings:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <br />
<i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1st person</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> or the self (I, me, we),</span> <br />
<i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2nd person</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> or the person spoken to (you)</span> <br />
<i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3rd person</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> or the person spoken about (he, she, him,
her, they, them).</span> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">From Literatur</span></b><span style="color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;">An <strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">adjective</span></strong>
modifies a <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/nouns.html#noun"><span style="color: black;">noun</span></a> or a <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/pronouns.html#pronoun"><span style="color: black;">pronoun</span></a> by describing, identifying, or
quantifying words. An adjective usually precedes the noun or the pronoun which
it modifies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;">In the following
examples, the <strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">highlighted</span></strong> words are adjectives:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The <strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">truck-shaped</span></strong>
balloon floated over the treetops.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mrs.
Morrison papered her <strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">kitchen</span></strong> walls with <strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">hideous</span></strong> wall paper.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The <strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">small</span></strong> boat
foundered on the <strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">wine dark</span></strong> sea.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The <strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">coal</span></strong> mines
are <strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">dark</span></strong>
and <strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">dank</span></strong>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Many</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> stores have already begun
to play <strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">irritating</span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Christmas</span></strong>
music.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A <strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">battered</span></strong> <strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">music</span></strong> box
sat on the <strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">mahogany</span></strong>
sideboard.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The back
room was filled with <strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">large</span></strong>, <strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">yellow</span></strong> rain boots.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;">An adjective can be
modified by an <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/adverbs.html#adverb"><span style="color: black;">adverb</span></a>, or by a <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/bldphr.html#phrase"><span style="color: black;">phrase</span></a> or <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/bldcls.html#clause"><span style="color: black;">clause</span></a> functioning as an adverb. In the <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/subjpred.html#sentence"><span style="color: black;">sentence</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">My husband
knits intricately <strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">patterned</span></strong> mittens.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;">for example, the adverb
"intricately" modifies the adjective "patterned."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;">Some nouns, many
pronouns, and many <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/phrfunc.html#participle%20phrase"><span style="color: black;">participle phrases</span></a> can also act as adjectives.
In the sentence<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Eleanor
listened to the <strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">muffled</span></strong> sounds of the radio <strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">hidden</span></strong>
under her pillow.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;">for example, both <strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">highlighted</span></strong>
adjectives are <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/verbals.html#past%20participle"><span style="color: black;">past participles</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;">Grammarians also consider
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8071749939135495467" name="articles"><strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">articles</span></strong></a> ("the," "a,"
"an") to be adjectives.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">My opinion as
follows: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;">An <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8071749939135495467" name="adjective"><strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">adjective</span></strong></a> modifies a <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/nouns.html#noun"><span style="color: black;">noun</span></a> or a <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/pronouns.html#pronoun"><span style="color: black;">pronoun</span></a> by describing, identifying, or
quantifying words. An adjective usually precedes the noun or the pronoun which
it modifies<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Adverbs</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">From Internet<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We have seen that an adjective is a word
that gives more information about a noun or pronoun. An <i>adverb</i> is
usually defined as<i> a word that gives more information about a verb, an
adjective or another adverb</i>. <i>Adverbs</i> describe verbs,
adjectives and adverbs in terms of such qualities as <i>time, frequency </i>and<i>
manner</i>. In the sentence Sue runs fast, fast describes how or the <i>manner</i>
in which Sue runs. In the sentence Sue runs very fast, very describes the
<i>adverb</i> fast and gives information about how fast Sue runs.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Most, but not all <i>adverbs</i> end in
-ly as in But not all words that end in -ly are adverbs (ugly is an <i>adjective</i>,
supply and reply can both be <i>nouns</i> or <i>verbs</i>). Many times an
adjective can be made into an <i>adverb</i> by adding -ly as in nicely,
quickly, completely, sincerely.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adverbs of time</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> tell when something happens and <i>adverbs of frequency</i> tell how
often something happens. Below are some common <i>adverbs of time</i>
and <i>frequency</i> which you should learn:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <br />
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 90%px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 40.16%;" width="40%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adverbs of Time</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adverbs of Frequency</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 40.16%;" width="40%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Do it now.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I always do my homework</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 40.16%;" width="40%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I will see you then.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We sometimes get confused.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 40.16%;" width="40%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">They will be here soon.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He usually gets good grades.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 40.16%;" width="40%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I can't meet you today.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I never went skiing.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 40.16%;" width="40%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Let's go tomorrow.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">She rarely eats a big breakfast.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 40.16%;" width="40%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">They told me yesterday.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He was once on TV.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 40.16%;" width="40%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Have you traveled recently?</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He saw the movie twice</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">From Literatur<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;">An <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8071749939135495467" name="adverb"><strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">adverb</span></strong></a>
can modify a <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/verbs.html#verb"><span style="color: black;">verb</span></a>, an <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/adjectve.html#adjective"><span style="color: black;">adjective</span></a>, another adverb, a <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/bldphr.html#phrase"><span style="color: black;">phrase</span></a>, or a <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/bldcls.html#clause"><span style="color: black;">clause</span></a>. An adverb indicates manner, time, place,
cause, or degree and answers questions such as "how,"
"when," "where," "how much".<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;">While some adverbs can be
identified by their characteristic "ly" <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/wordform.html#suffix"><span style="color: black;">suffix</span></a>, most of them must be identified by
untangling the grammatical relationships within the <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/subjpred.html#sentence"><span style="color: black;">sentence</span></a> or clause as a whole. Unlike an
adjective, an adverb can be found in various places within the sentence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">My opinion as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ADVERB:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
These modify several things: verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Adverbs are
often made from adjectives (careful -- carefully). They answer these questions
about an action: where? When? Why? How? In what way? How much? <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">EX: tomorrow, next, quietly, honorably, very</span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. Pronouns</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">From Internet<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A <i>pronoun</i> is often defined as <i>a
word which can be used instead of a noun</i>. For example, instead of
saying John is a student, the <i>pronoun</i> he can be used in place of the
noun John and the sentence becomes He is a student. We use pronouns very
often, especially so that we do not have to keep on repeating a noun.
This chapter is about the kind of <i>pronoun</i> called a <i>personal pronoun</i>
because it often refers to a person. Like nouns, <i>personal pronouns</i>
sometimes have <i>singular</i> and <i>plural</i> forms (I-we, he-they).</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Unlike nouns, <i>personal pronouns</i>
sometimes have different forms for <i>masculine/male, feminine/female </i>and<i>
neuter </i> (he-she-it). Also unlike nouns, <i>personal pronouns</i>
have different forms depending on if they act as <i>subjects</i> or <i>objects</i>
(he-him, she-her). A <i>subject</i> is a word which does an action and
usually comes before the verb, and an <i>object</i> is a word that receives an
action and usually comes after the verb. For example, in the sentence
Yesterday Susan called her mother, Susan is the <i>subject</i> and mother is
the <i>object</i>. The <i>pronoun</i> she can be used instead of Susan
and the <i>pronoun</i> her can be used instead of mother. The form of a <i>personal
pronoun</i> also changes according to what <i>person</i> is referred to. <i>Person</i>
is used here as a grammar word and means:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1st person or the self (I, me, we),</span>
<br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2nd person or the person spoken to
(you),</span> <br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3rd person or the person spoken about
(he, she, him, her, they, them).</span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There is also a <i>possessive</i> form
of the <i>pronoun</i>. Just as we can make a noun <i>possessive</i> as in
the sentence That is my father's book to mean That is the book of my father, we
can make the <i>pronoun possessive</i> and say That book is his. There
are possessive adjective forms (such as my, your, his, her etc.) that are
discussed with other adjectives in chapter 4. <i>Possessive pronouns</i>
can stand by themselves without nouns, but possessive adjectives, like other
adjectives, are used together with nouns.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There is also an <i>intensive</i> form
of the <i>pronoun</i> which intensifies or emphasizes the noun that it comes
after as in the sentence I myself saw him. The<i> reflexive</i> form of
the <i>pronoun </i>looks exactly like the <i>intensive</i> form but is used
when the <i>subject</i> and <i>object</i> of a verb refers to the same person
as in the sentence I saw myself in the mirror.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">All of this may sound confusing, but if
you study the chart below, it will be clearer:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Singular</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 90%px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 19.7%;" width="19%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Person</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Subject</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Object</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Possessive</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intensive </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Reflexive</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 19.7%;" width="19%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1<sup>st</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">me</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mine</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Myself</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 19.7%;" width="19%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2<sup>nd</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">you</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">you</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yours</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yourself</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 19.7%;" width="19%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3<sup>rd</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">he/she/it</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">him/her/it</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">his/hers</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">himself/herself/itself</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plural</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 90%px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 19.7%;" width="19%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Person</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Subject</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Object</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Possessive</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intensive </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Reflexive</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 19.7%;" width="19%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1<sup>st</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">we</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">us</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ours</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ourselves</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 19.7%;" width="19%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2<sup>nd</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">you</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">you</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yours</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yourselves</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 19.7%;" width="19%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3<sup>rd</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">they</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">them</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">theirs</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">themselves</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Notice that the form you is the same for <i>subject</i> and <i>object</i>,
<i>singular</i> and <i>plural</i> and that there is no <i>neuter singular
possessive</i> form.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">There
are also <i>interrogative pronouns</i> (who, which, what) used for asking
questions and <i>relative pronouns</i> (who, which, what, that) used in complex
sentences which will be discussed in another place. Some grammar books
also talk about <i>demonstrative pronouns </i>(this, that, these, those) and <i>indefinite
pronouns</i> (some, all, both, each, etc.) which are very similar to adjectives
and do not need to be discussed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in;">
<b><span style="color: black;">From Literatur</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in;">
A <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8071749939135495467" name="pronoun"><strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">pronoun</span></strong></a> can replace a <span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/nouns.html#noun"><span style="color: black;">noun</span></a></span> or another pronoun. You use pronouns
like "he," "which," "none," and "you"
to make your <span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/subjpred.html#sentence"><span style="color: black;">sentences</span></a></span> less cumbersome and less
repetitive.</div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in;">
Grammarians classify pronouns into several types,
including the personal pronoun, the demonstrative pronoun, the interrogative
pronoun, the indefinite pronoun, the relative pronoun, the reflexive pronoun,
and the intensive pronoun.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">My opinion as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 3.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A <i>pronoun</i> is
often defined as <i>a word which can be used instead of a noun</i>. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">this
substitute for nouns but act in the same way. They can be individual (I, you,
he) or collective (everyone, each). <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">EX:
they, who, which, she.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6. Prepositions</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">From Internet<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A <i>preposition</i> is a<i> word which
shows relationships among other words in the sentence</i>. The
relationships include <i>direction, place, time, cause, manner </i>and <i>amount</i>.
In the sentence She went to the store, to is a <i>preposition</i> which shows <i>direction</i>.
In the sentence He came by bus, by is a <i>preposition</i> which shows
manner. In the sentence They will be here at three o'clock, at is a <i>preposition</i>
which shows<i> time</i> and in the sentence It is under the table, under is a <i>preposition</i>
which shows <i>place</i>.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A preposition always goes with a noun or
pronoun which is called the <i>object of the preposition</i>. The <i>preposition</i>
is almost always before the noun or pronoun and that is why it is called a
preposition. The <i>preposition</i> and the <i>object of the preposition</i>
together are called a <i>prepositional phrase</i>. The following chart
shows the <i>prepositions, objects of the preposition,</i> and <i>prepositional
phrases</i> of the sentences above.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Preposition</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Object of the Preposition</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prepositional Phrase</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the store</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">to the store</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">By</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bus</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">by bus</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">three o'clock</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">at three o'clock</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Under</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the table</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">under the table</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">From Literatur<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">PREPOSITIONS:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
These words or phrases relate nouns or pronouns tother words in a sentence, and
often indicate some sort of positional relationship. <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">EX: of, in, about, to, around, next to, on top of.</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Learning about the <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">parts of speech </span>is the first step in grammar study just as
learning the letters of the alphabet is the first step to being able to <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8071749939135495467" name="AdBriteInlineAd_read">read</a> and write. From learning the <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">parts of speech </span>we <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8071749939135495467" name="AdBriteInlineAd_begin">begin</a> to understand the use or <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8071749939135495467" name="AdBriteInlineAd_function">function</a> of words and how words are joined
together to make meaningful communication. To understand what a <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">part of speech</span> is, you must
understand the idea of putting similar <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8071749939135495467" name="AdBriteInlineAd_things">things</a>
together into groups or <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">categories</span>.
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">My opinion as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black;">A <strong>preposition</strong>
links <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/nouns.html#noun"><span style="color: black;">nouns</span></a>, <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/pronouns.html#pronoun"><span style="color: black;">pronouns</span></a> and <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/bldphr.html#phrase"><span style="color: black;">phrases</span></a> to other words in a <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/subjpred.html#sentence"><span style="color: black;">sentence</span></a>. The word or phrase that the
preposition introduces is called the <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/objcompl.html#object"><span style="color: black;">object</span></a> of the preposition<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black;">7. Conjunctions<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black;">From
Internet</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">A <i>conjunction</i> is a <i>word that connects
other words or groups of words</i>. In the sentence Bob and Dan are
friends the <i>conjunction</i> and connects two nouns and in the sentence
He will drive or fly, the <i>conjunction</i> or connects two verbs.
In the sentence It is early but we can go, the <i>conjunction</i> but connects
two groups of words.</span><span style="color: black;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Coordinating conjunctions</span></i><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> are <i>conjunctions</i> which
connect two equal parts of a sentence. The most common ones are and, or,
but, and so which are used in the following ways:</span><span style="color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and is used to join or add words together in the
sentence They ate and drank.</span><span style="color: black;"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">or is used to show choice or possibilities as
in the sentence He will be here on Monday or Tuesday.</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">but is used to show opposite or conflicting
ideas as in the sentence She is small but strong.</span> <br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">so is used to show result as in the
sentence I was tired so I went to sleep.</span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Subordinating conjunctions</span></i><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> connect two parts of a sentence
that are not equal and will be discussed more in another class. For now,
you should know some of the more common <i>subordinating conjunctions</i> such
as:</span><span style="color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
after
before
unless</span><span style="color: black;"> <br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
although
if
until</span> <br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> as
since
when</span> <br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
because
than
while</span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Correlative conjunctions</span></i><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> are pairs of <i>conjunctions</i>
that work together. In the sentence Both Jan and Meg are good swimmers,
both . . .and are <i>correlative conjunctions</i>. The most common <i>correlative
conjunctions</i> are:</span><span style="color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h1>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
both . . .and</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
either . . . or</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
neither . . . nor</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> not
only . . . but also</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Conjunction<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">From Literatur<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">These join words,
phrases and clauses. There are three kinds of conjuctions: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo35; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Coordinating Conjunctions:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
these are <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">single</span> words
that join words, phrases, and clauses of equal grammatical importance in
the sentence. <i>EX: and, but, or, so.</i> <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo35; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Coorelative Conjunctions:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
these are <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">pairs</span> of words
that join equally important words, phrases, and clauses. <i>EX:
either...or, both...and, not only...but also.</i> <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo35; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Subordinating Conjuctions:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
these begin clauses that cannot stand on their own and tell you how that
clause relates to the rest of the sentence. These words help you create
sentences with increasingly complicated ideas and relationships between
those ideas. <i>EX (not a complete list): if, because, although, when,
where, unless, until, sinc</i><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
</ul>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">My opinion as
follows:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A conjunction is a word that connects other words or
groups of words<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8. Interjection<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">From Internet<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interjection is a word
used to express a strong feeling, either happy feeling, sad, anger, annoyed,
proud, touched etc. and this interjection alwys ended by exclamation point (!).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Actually, interjection
isn’t a part of sentence (parts of speech) because interjection has not a
grammar relationship with another worrds. But, in the linguist opinion,
interjection called as an oldest word in language life because of very fisrt
form used people to communicate is interjection.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Different with another word form, interjection
always stand alone as a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>combination. And
generally, after interjection will be accompanied another sentence as
complement of interjection. A complement sentence which accompany interjection
in English called “Exclamantory Sentence”.</span> </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">From Literatur<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;">An <strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">interjection</span></strong>
is a word added to a <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/subjpred.html#sentence"><span style="color: black;">sentence</span></a> to convey emotion. It is not<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>related to any other part of the sentence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 3.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;">usually follow an interjection with an <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/endpunct.html#exclamation%20mark"><span style="color: black;">exclamation mark</span></a>. Interjections are uncommon in
formal academic prose, except in direct quotations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;">The <strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">highlighted</span></strong>
words in the following sentences are interjections:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ouch</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, that
hurt!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Oh no</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, I forgot
that the exam was today.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hey</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">! Put that
down!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">I heard one guy say to another guy, "He has a new car, <strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">eh</span></strong>?"<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">I don't know about you but, <strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">good lord</span></strong>, I think taxes are too
high!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">My
opinion as follows:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interjection is a word
used to express a strong feeling, either happy feeling, sad, anger, annoyed,
proud, touched etc. and this interjection alwys ended by exclamation point (!).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;">An <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8071749939135495467" name="interjection"><strong>interjection</strong></a> is a word added to a <a href="http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/subjpred.html#sentence"><span style="color: black;">sentence</span></a> to convey emotion. It is not
grammatically related to any other part of the sentence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Content and Function Words</span></b><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Words are divided into
two categories: <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Function Words</span>
and <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Content Words</span>. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Function words</span> are <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">closed class</span> words (only about 300 in
English) while <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">content words</span> are
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">open class</span> words (new words are
being added in every language). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: lime; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.06%;" width="25%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Function Words</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: lime; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">examples <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background: lime; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.06%;" width="25%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prepositions <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: lime; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">of, at, in, without,
between</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="background: lime; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.06%;" width="25%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pronouns <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: lime; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">he, they, anybody, it, one</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="background: lime; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.06%;" width="25%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Determiners <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: lime; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">the, a, that, my, more,
much, either, neither</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="background: lime; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.06%;" width="25%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Conjunctions <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: lime; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">and, that, when, while,
although, or</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="background: lime; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.06%;" width="25%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Modal verbs <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: lime; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">can, must, will, should,
ought, need, used</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="background: lime; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.06%;" width="25%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Auxilliary verbs <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: lime; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">be (is, am, are), have, got,
do</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: lime; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.06%;" width="25%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Particles <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: lime; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">no, not, nor, as</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: outset 3.0pt; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160; width: 75%px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: lime; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 28.7%;" width="28%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Content Words</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: lime; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">examples <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background: lime; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 28.7%;" width="28%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nouns <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: lime; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">John, room, answer, Selby</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="background: lime; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 28.7%;" width="28%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adjectives <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: lime; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">happy, new, large, grey</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="background: lime; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 28.7%;" width="28%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Full verbs <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: lime; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">search, grow, hold, have</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="background: lime; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 28.7%;" width="28%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adverbs <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: lime; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">really, completely, very,
also, enough</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="background: lime; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 28.7%;" width="28%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Numerals <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: lime; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">one, thousand, first</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="background: lime; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 28.7%;" width="28%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Interjections <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: lime; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">eh, ugh, phew, well</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: lime; height: 13.05pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 28.7%;" width="28%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yes/Noanswers <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: lime; height: 13.05pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yes, no</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (as answers) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Note:</span> The same lexical word can
function as either <i>content</i> or <i>function</i> word depending on it's
function in an utterance. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Example 1 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: 20.25pt; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160; width: 75%px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 35.84%;" width="35%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">"I <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">have</span></i> come to see you" <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">"have" is a function word
(auxiliary verb) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 7.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="height: 7.5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 35.84%;" width="35%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">"I <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">have</span></i> three apples" <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 7.5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">"have" is a content word
(full verb) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Example 2 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: 20.25pt; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160; width: 75%px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 35.84%;" width="35%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">"<i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">One</span></i> has one's principles" <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">"one" is a function word
(pronoun) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 35.84%;" width="35%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">"I have <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">one</span></i> apple" <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">"one" is a content word
(numeral) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 39.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Example 3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: 20.25pt; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160; width: 75%px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 35.84%;" width="35%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">"I have <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">no</span></i> more money" <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">"no" is a function word (a
negative particle) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 35.84%;" width="35%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">"<i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">No</span></i>. I am not coming" <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">"no" is a content word
(Yes/No answer) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Content Words</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">From Internet <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;">
For those unfamiliar with
accessibility issues pertaining to Web page design, consider that many users may
be operating in contexts very different from your own:</div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo23; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">They
may not be able to see, hear, move, or may not be able to process some
types of information easily or at all. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo23; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">They
may have difficulty reading or comprehending text. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo23; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">They
may not have or be able to use a keyboard or mouse. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo23; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">They
may have a text-only screen, a small screen, or a slow Internet
connection. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo23; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">They
may not speak or understand fluently the language in which the document is
written. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo23; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">They
may be in a situation where their eyes, ears, or hands are busy or
interfered with (e.g., driving to work, working in a loud environment,
etc.). <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo23; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">They
may have an early version of a browser, a different browser entirely, a
voice browser, or a different operating system. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;">
Content developers must consider
these different situations during page design. While there are several
situations to consider, each accessible design choice generally benefits
several disability groups at once and the Web community as a whole. For
example, by using <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10/#style-sheet" title="Definition of style sheets"><span class="dfn-instance"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">style sheets</span></span></a>
to control font styles and eliminating the FONT element, HTML authors will have
more control over their pages, make those pages more accessible to people with
low vision, and by sharing the style sheets, will often shorten page download
times for all users. </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;">
The guidelines discuss
accessibility issues and provide accessible design solutions. They address
typical scenarios (similar to the font style example) that may pose problems
for users with certain disabilities. For example, the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10/#gl-provide-equivalents">first guideline</a>
explains how content developers can make images accessible. Some users may not
be able to see images, others may use text-based browsers that do not support
images, while others may have turned off support for images (e.g., due to a
slow Internet connection). The guidelines do not suggest avoiding images as a
way to improve accessibility. Instead, they explain that providing a <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10/#text-equivalent" title="Definition of text equivalent"><span class="dfn-instance"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">text
equivalent</span></span></a> of the image will make it accessible. </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;">
How does a text equivalent make
the image accessible? Both words in "text equivalent" are important:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo38; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Text content can be presented to the
user as synthesized speech, Braille, and visually-displayed text. Each of these
three mechanisms uses a different sense -- ears for synthesized speech, tactile
for Braille, and eyes for visually-displayed text -- making the information
accessible to groups representing a variety of sensory and other disabilities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo24; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In order to be useful, the text must
convey the same function or purpose as the image. For example, consider a text
equivalent for a photographic image of the Earth as seen from outer space. If
the purpose of the image is mostly that of decoration, then the text
"Photograph of the Earth as seen from outer space" might fulfill the
necessary function. If the purpose of the photograph is to illustrate specific
information about world geography, then the text equivalent should convey that
information. If the photograph has been designed to tell the user to select the
image (e.g., by clicking on it) for information about the earth, equivalent text
would be "Information about the Earth". Thus, if the text conveys the
same function or purpose for the user with a disability as the image does for
other users, then it can be considered a text equivalent. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">While Web content developers must provide text equivalents for images and
other multimedia content, it is the responsibility of <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10/#user-agent"><span class="dfn-instance"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">user agents</span></span></a>
(e.g., browsers and assistive technologies such as <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10/#screen-reader"><span class="dfn-instance"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">screen
readers</span></span></a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10/#braille-display"><span class="dfn-instance"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Braille
displays</span></span></a>, etc.) to present the information to the user. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8071749939135495467" name="non-text-equivalent"><span class="dfn-instance">Non-text equivalents</span></a>
of text (e.g., icons, pre-recorded speech, or a video of a person translating
the text into sign language) can make documents accessible to people who may
have difficulty accessing written text, including many individuals with
cognitive disabilities, learning disabilities, and deafness. Non-text
equivalents of text can also be helpful to non-readers. An <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10/#auditory-description"><span class="dfn-instance"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">auditory description</span></span></a> is an example of a
non-text equivalent of visual information. An auditory description of a
multimedia presentation's visual track benefits people who cannot see the
visual information. .<span style="color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: black; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Examples and Observations:<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black;">"All <a href="http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/morphemeterm.htm"><span style="color: black;">morphemes</span></a> can be divided into the categories
lexical [<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">content</span>] and
grammatical [<a href="http://grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/functionword.htm"><span style="color: black;">function</span></a>]. A lexical morpheme has a meaning that
can be understood fully in and of itself--{boy}, for example, as well as {run},
{green}, {quick}, {paper}, {large}, {throw}, and {now}. Nouns, verbs,
adjectives, and adverbs are typical kinds of lexical morphemes. Grammatical
morphemes, on the other hand--such as {of}, {and}, {the}, {ness}, {to}, {pre},
{a}, {but}, {in}, and {ly}--can be understood completely only when they occur
with other words in a sentence."</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">From Literature<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="color: black;">Content
word is a <a href="http://grammar.about.com/od/tz/g/wordterm.htm"><span style="color: black;">word</span></a> that conveys information in a <a href="http://grammar.about.com/od/tz/g/textterm.htm"><span style="color: black;">text</span></a>
or <a href="http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/speechactterm.htm"><span style="color: black;">speech act</span></a>. Content words--which include <a href="http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/nounterm.htm"><span style="color: black;">nouns</span></a>,
<a href="http://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/lexicalverbterm.htm"><span style="color: black;">lexical verbs</span></a>, <a href="http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/adjecterm.htm"><span style="color: black;">adjectives</span></a>,
and <a href="http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/adverbterm.htm"><span style="color: black;">adverbs</span></a>--belong to <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">open classes</span> of words: that is, new members are readily added.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="color: black;">Content
words are words that have meaning. They can be compared to grammatical words,
which are structural. Nouns, main verbs, adjectives and adverbs are usually
content words. Auxiliary verbs, pronouns, articles, and prepositions are
usually grammatical words. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;">
<span class="mcesubheading"><span style="color: black;">Example:</span></span><span style="color: black;"><br />
We flew over the mountains at dawn'. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">My opinion as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Content
word is word that have meaning. <span style="color: black;">Content word is a <a href="http://grammar.about.com/od/tz/g/wordterm.htm"><span style="color: black;">word</span></a>
that conveys information in a <a href="http://grammar.about.com/od/tz/g/textterm.htm"><span style="color: black;">text</span></a>
or <a href="http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/speechactterm.htm"><span style="color: black;">speech act</span></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Examples:
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Drive,
kill, love, boy, girl, plant, happy, quickly. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">2. Function word</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Function words</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (or <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">grammatical words</span>) are </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word" title="Word"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">words</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> that have little </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical" title="Lexical"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">lexical</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_%28linguistic%29" title="Meaning (linguistic)"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">meaning</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> or have </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiguous" title="Ambiguous"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ambiguous</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> meaning, but
instead serve to express </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">grammatical</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
relationships with other words within a </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_%28linguistics%29" title="Sentence (linguistics)"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sentence</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker. Words that are
not function words are called </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_word" title="Content word"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">content
words</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (or </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_class_word" title="Open class word"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">open class words</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> or <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">lexical words</span>): these include </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun" title="Noun"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">nouns</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb" title="Verb"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">verbs</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">adjectives</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, and most </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">adverbs</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, although some adverbs are function words (e.g., <i>then</i> and <i>why</i>).
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionaries" title="Dictionaries"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Dictionaries</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> define the
specific meanings of content words, but can only describe the general usages of
function words. By contrast, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">grammars</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> describe
the use of function words in detail, but treat lexical words in general terms
only.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Function words might be </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preposition" title="Preposition"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">prepositions</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pronouns</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">auxiliary verbs</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction" title="Grammatical conjunction"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">conjunctions</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_%28grammar%29" title="Article (grammar)"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">grammatical articles</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> or </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">particles</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, all of which belong to the group of </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_class_word" title="Closed class word"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">closed-class words</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Interjections</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> are sometimes considered function words but they belong to the
group of </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_class_word" title="Open class word"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">open-class words</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
Function words might or might not be </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">inflected</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> or might have </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affix" title="Affix"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">affixes</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Function words belong to the closed
class of words in </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">grammar</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> in that it
is very uncommon to have new function words created in the course of speech,
whereas in the open class of words (that is, nouns, verbs, adjectives, or
adverbs) new words may be added readily (such as </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slang" title="Slang"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">slang</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> words, technical terms, and adoptions and adaptations of foreign
words). See </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">neologism</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Each function word either gives some
grammatical information on other words in a sentence or </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clause" title="Clause"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">clause</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, and cannot be isolated from other words, or it may indicate the
speaker's mental model as to what is being said.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Grammatical words, as a class, can have
distinct </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological" title="Phonological"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">phonological</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> properties
from content words. Grammatical words sometimes do not make full use of all the
sounds in a language. For example, in some of the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Khoisan languages</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
most content words begin with </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">clicks</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, but very few function words do.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_word#cite_note-EB-0"><sup><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[1]</span></sup></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> In
English, only function words begin with voiced <i>th-</i> [ð] (see </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_th" title="Pronunciation of English th"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pronunciation of
English th</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The following is a list of the kind of
words considered to be function words:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_%28grammar%29" title="Article (grammar)"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">articles</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
— <i>the</i> and <i>a</i>. In some inflected languages, the articles may
take on the case of the </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declension" title="Declension"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">declension</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> of the
following noun.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pronouns</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> — inflected
in English, as <i>he</i> — <i>him</i>, <i>she</i> — <i>her</i>, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adposition" title="Adposition"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">adpositions</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> — </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uninflected_word" title="Uninflected word"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">uninflected</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
in English<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction" title="Grammatical conjunction"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">conjunctions</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
— uninflected in English<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">auxiliary verbs</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
— forming part of the </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">conjugation</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
(pattern of the </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tenses</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
of main verbs), always inflected<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">interjections</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
— sometimes called "filled pauses", uninflected<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">particles</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
— convey the attitude of the speaker and are uninflected, as <i>if</i>, <i>then</i>,
<i>well</i>, <i>however</i>, <i>thus</i>, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expletive" title="Expletive"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">expletives</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> — take the
place of sentences, among other functions.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-sentence" title="Pro-sentence"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pro-sentences</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
— <i>yes</i>, <i>okay</i>, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">My opinion as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Function words is word that exist
in sentence that have grammatical meaning. Function word give grammatical
information to the sentence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Examples:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo22; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">I have to come earlier.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo22; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">I have two apples.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo22; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">One has one apple.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo22; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">I have no money.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo22; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">No, I’m not coming yet.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Note the differences between content and function parts of
speech: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">3. Phrases<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In grammar, a <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">phrase</span> is a group of words functioning
as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. Or a phrase is a group of words
that do not have subject and predicate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Language forms do not just consist
of sequences of words put together like beads on a string. They can be broken
down into units (r constituents), which can again be analysed hierarchically
into successively smaller units.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">a phrase may consist of a single word or of a group of
words. The identify of phrases can be shown by substitution ; a multi-word
phrase can often be replaced by a single word without destroying the overall
meaning.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Corresponding to each type of lexical word, there is a
major phrase type with the lexical word as head and a number of accompanying
elements :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Each phrase type can consist of the head only. A fifth
mjor category is the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">prepositional
phrase</b>. In addition, there are some more marginal phrase types, in
paticular <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">genitive phrases</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">numeral phrases</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Noun
Phrases<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.65pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">From Internet:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">A noun phrase in the strict sense consist of a noun as
head, either alone or accompanied by determiners (which specify the reference
of the noun) and modifiers (which describe or classify the entity denoted by
the head noun). The head noun can also be followed by complements, which
complete the meaning of the noun and typically take the form of that-clauses or
infinitive clauses. Head nouns followed by complements are typically abstract
nouns derived from verbs or adjectives. Besides common nouns, noun phrases may
be headed by proper nouns, pronouns, and nominalized adjectives.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Noun phrases may have a wide range of syntatic roles,
they are subject, direct object, indirect object, prepositional object,
complement object, complement of preposition, subject predicative, object
predicative, adverbial, premodifier of noun, apposition, and premodifier in
adjective or adverb phrase.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">In addition, noun phrase can be used as peripheral
elements in the clause : detached predicative, parenthetical, preface, tag, and
vocative. Finally, they may occur independently of any clause structure.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 13.65pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">From literature:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.65pt;">
<span style="color: black;">Noun
phrase in the strict sense consists of a noun as head, either alone or
accompanied by determiners (while specify the reference of the noun) and
modifiers (which describe or classify the entity denoted by the head noun). The
head is in bold in the following examples (head nouns embedded noun phrases are
not highlighted).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 13.65pt;">
<span style="color: black;">Examples:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.65pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 85.65pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">The popular assumption
that language simply serves to communicate thoughts or ideas is too simplistic
.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.65pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 85.65pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Dido lives in Wimbled<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.65pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 85.65pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">They said they’d got
it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.65pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 85.65pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Anybody can see that.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.65pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">My opinion as
follows:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt;">
<span style="color: black;">A <strong>noun
phrase</strong> is either a single <a href="http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/noun.html"><span style="color: black;">noun</span></a>
or <a href="http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/pronoun.html"><span style="color: black;">pronoun</span></a> or a group of words a noun or a pronoun
that function together as a noun or pronoun, as the <a href="http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/subject.html"><span style="color: black;">subject</span></a> or <a href="http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/object.html"><span style="color: black;">object</span></a> of a verb.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.65pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.65pt; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list 85.65pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Soggy chips<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.65pt; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list 85.65pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Fried chicken<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.65pt; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list 85.65pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">The man<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.65pt; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list 85.65pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">The dog<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.65pt; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list 85.65pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Pamphlets advertising new syntactic theories<span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.65pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Verb
Phrases<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">From Internet:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Verb phrases contain a lexical verb or primary verb as
head or main verb, either alone or accompanied by one or more auxiliaries. The
auxiliaries specify the way in which the action, state, or process denoted by
the main verb is to be interpreted. in addition, the first auxiliary has the
special role of operator.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Note that yhe term ’verb phrase’ or’VP’ is sometimes used
in other grammars to refer to the main verb plus accompanying elements,
including objects and predicatives. This use corresponds to predicate in our
treatment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">The only syntatic role of finite verb phrases is to serve
as a central clause statement. Many verb forms may have roles characteristic of
nouns and adjectives. Such uses are limited to participle forms (ending in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">–ed</i> or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">–ing</i>), originally so called because they participate in more than
one word class. In these cases, verb forms tend to acquire the caracteristics
of nouns and adjectives.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">From literature:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Verb phrase contain a lexical verb or primary verb as head or main
verb, either alone or accompanied by one or more auxiliaries. The auxiliaries
specify the way in which the action, state, or process denoted by the main verb
is to be interpreted; In addition, the first auxiliary has the special role of
operator. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The main verb is in bold in
following examples :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Was walking<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Can see<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Had beep making<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Should have said<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">My opinion as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="color: black;">A <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8071749939135495467" name="verb_phrase"><b>verb phrase</b></a> is defined as the main verb together
with all its auxiliaries (helping verbs).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="color: black;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Remind me of you<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adjective Phrases<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">From Internet</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adjective phrases contain an adjective as head,
optionally accompanied by modifiers in the form of single words, phrases, and
clauses. The accompanying elements in an adjective phrase characteristically
indicate the degree of the quality denoted by the adjective (e.g. ’How
lucky/poor?’) or describe the respect in which the quality is to be interpreted
(e.g. ’Guilty/slow in what respect?’). in the latter case, the accompanying
elements serve to complete the meaning of the adjective and are generally called
complements. Complements generally take the form of prepositional phrases or
clauses.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adjective phrases may have the following syntatic roles, they are :
premodifier of noun, subject predicative, postmodifier of noun, and object
predicative. Adjective phrases can also be used as detached predicatives, as
clause links, and independently of any clause structure. Adjective may further
take on nominal role.</span><span lang="SV"> </span></div>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.65pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<cite><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">From literature</span></cite><cite><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">:<o:p></o:p></span></cite></h1>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt;">
<cite><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Adjective
phrases contain an adjective as head, optionally accompanied by modifiers in
the form of single words, phrases, and clause. The adjective head is in bold in
the following <o:p></o:p></span></cite></h1>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.65pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<cite><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Examples:<o:p></o:p></span></cite></h1>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.65pt; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 85.65pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><cite><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></cite><!--[endif]--><cite><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">So
lucky<o:p></o:p></span></cite></h1>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.65pt; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 85.65pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><cite><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></cite><!--[endif]--><cite><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Good
enough<o:p></o:p></span></cite></h1>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.65pt; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 85.65pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><cite><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></cite><!--[endif]--><cite><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Slow to
respond<o:p></o:p></span></cite></h1>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.65pt; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 85.65pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><cite><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></cite><!--[endif]--><cite><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Guilty
of a serious crime.<o:p></o:p></span></cite></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.65pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">My opinion as
follows</span></b><span style="color: black;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In an
Adjective phrase, the Head word is an adjective . The pre-Head string in an AP
is most commonly an adverb phrase such as <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">very</span> or <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">extremely. </span>Adjective
Heads may be followed by a post-Head string . We have seen already in the
Preliminary section that Adjective is a word which gives an additional detail
about <span class="ilad">the meaning</span> of a noun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Example-1:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
• Mr. <span class="ilad">Clinton</span> is wealthy man.<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What kind of man is Mr. Clinton is
answered by the word ‘wealthy’. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The same
word can be replaced with a group of words ‘of great wealth’.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>• The Politician is a kind
man.<br />
This sentence can be worded in different manner using a different adjective
phrase.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>• These students belonged
to the hill tribe.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">4.
Adverb Phrases</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">From
internet :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adverb phrasess contain an
adverb as head, optionally accompanied by modifiers in the form of single
words, phrases, and clauses. Adverb phrases are similar in structure to
adjective phrases. Modifiers of adverbs are chiefly expressions of degree.
Adverb phrases should be distinguished from adverbials, which are clause
elements that can be realized in a variety of ways (e.g. by adverb phrases,
prepositional phrases, and clauses).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adverb phrases may have the
following syntatic roles, they are : modifier in adjective or adverb phrase,
adverbials on the clause level, pre- and postmodifier in noun phrase,
complement of preposition, and premodifier in prepositional phrase.</span><cite><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></cite><cite><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><o:p></o:p></span></cite></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<cite><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">From
literature :<o:p></o:p></span></b></cite></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<cite><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Adverb phrase contain an adverb
as head, optionally accompanied by modifiers in the from of single word,
phrase, and clauses.</span></cite><cite><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><o:p></o:p></span></cite></div>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 13.65pt;">
<cite><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The
head is in bold in the following examples :<o:p></o:p></span></cite></h1>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.65pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list 67.65pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><cite><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></cite><!--[endif]--><cite><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hardly
ever<o:p></o:p></span></cite></h1>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.65pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list 67.65pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><cite><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></cite><!--[endif]--><cite><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Very
quickly<o:p></o:p></span></cite></h1>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.65pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list 67.65pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><cite><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></cite><!--[endif]--><cite><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Quite melodiously.<o:p></o:p></span></cite></h1>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">My opinion as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">An adverb
may be a single word, such as <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">quickly</span>,
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">here</span> or <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">yesterday</span>. However, adverbs can also be phrases, some made with
prepositions, others made with infinitives. This page will explain the basic
types of adverb phrases (sometimes called "adverbial phrases") and
how to recognize them. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.65pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Examples:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 85.65pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 85.65pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fortunately enough<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 85.65pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 85.65pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">So quickly you don’t even
enjoy it<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 85.65pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 85.65pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Much more quickly than
envisaged.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 67.65pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">4. Prepositional Phrases<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Prepositional phrases consist of a preposition and a
complement, most typically in the form of a noun phrase. The typical
prepositional phrase may indeed be viewed as a noun phrase extended by a link
showing its relationship to surronding structures.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Prepositions also take nominal clauses as complements,
but normally only <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">wh</i>-clauses and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ing</i>-clauses. The prepositions <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">but, except</i>, and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">save</i> may, however, be followed by infinitive clauses. Additionally,
the complement may be an adverb, or another prepositional phrase. Prepositional
phrases as complements of prepositions are chiefly found in expressions of
direction.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Prepositional
phrases vary with respect to how closely they are connected with surronding
structures, they are : adverbial on the clause level, postmodifier and
complement of noun, premodifier of nouns, and complement of adjectives.</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black;"> </span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">From literature :</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Prepositional phrases consist of a
preposition and a complement, most typically in the form of a noun phrase. The
typical prepositional phrase may indeed be viewed as a noun phrase extended by
a link showing its relationship to surroudding structures. The complement is in
bold in the following.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">examples</span><span style="color: black;"> :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">He read this book<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> in</b> the classroom<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">My mother cook a rice <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">in</b> the morning.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">My opinion as follows</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">phrase usually consist
of a Head -- a preposition -- and a post-Head string only. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">Here are some examples: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">[PP <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">through</span> the window] <br />
PP<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> over</span> the bar]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
DESI S.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02705918449366560605noreply@blogger.com0